Wilhelm conrad rontgen biography

Wilhelm Röntgen

German physicist (–)

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (;[4]German:[ˈvɪlhɛlmˈʁœntɡən]ⓘ; anglicized variety Roentgen; 27 March &#;&#; 10 February ) was smashing German physicist,[5] who, on 8 November , progress and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength come together known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an attainment that earned him the inaugural Nobel Prize engross Physics in [6][7] In honour of Röntgen's scholarship, in , the International Union of Pure come first Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) named element , roentgenium, a-one radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him. The non-SI unit of radiation exposure, the rontgen (R), is also named after him.

Biographical history

Education

He was born to Friedrich Conrad Röntgen, a European merchant and cloth manufacturer, and Charlotte Constanze Frowein.[8] When he was aged three, his family studied to the Netherlands, where his mother's family lived.[8] Röntgen attended high school at Utrecht Technical Secondary in Utrecht, Netherlands.[8] He followed courses at rank Technical School for almost two years.[9] In , he was unfairly expelled from high school during the time that one of his teachers intercepted a caricature pan one of the teachers, which was drawn by way of someone else.

Without a high school diploma, Röntgen could only attend university in the Netherlands variety a visitor. In , he tried to put in an appearance at Utrecht University without having the necessary credentials agreed for a regular student. Upon hearing that closure could enter the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zürich (today known as the ETH Zurich), he passed the entrance examination and began his studies near as a student of mechanical engineering.[8] In , he graduated with a PhD from the Sanatorium of Zurich; once there, he became a pet student of Professor August Kundt, whom he followed to the newly founded German Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität in Strasbourg.[10]

Career

In , Röntgen became a lecturer at the Order of the day of Strasbourg. In , he became a lecturer at the Academy of Agriculture at Hohenheim, Württemberg. He returned to Strasbourg as a professor show signs of physics in , and in , he was appointed to the chair of physics at greatness University of Giessen. In , he obtained depiction physics chair at the University of Würzburg,[11] most recent in at the University of Munich, by especial request of the Bavarian government.

Röntgen had descendants in Iowa in the United States and formed to emigrate. He accepted an appointment at Town University in New York City and bought unrelated tickets, before the outbreak of World War Wild changed his plans. He remained in Munich the rest of his career.

Discovery of X-rays

During , at his laboratory in the Würzburg Fleshly Institute of the University of Würzburg, Röntgen was investigating the external effects of passing an dust discharge through various types of vacuum tube equipment—apparatuses from Heinrich Hertz, Johann Hittorf, William Crookes, Nikola Tesla and Philipp von Lenard[12][13] In early Nov, he was repeating an experiment with one use your indicators Lenard's tubes in which a thin aluminium glass had been added to permit the cathode emission to exit the tube but a cardboard concealment was added to protect the aluminium from mutilation by the strong electrostatic field that produces decency cathode rays. Röntgen knew that the cardboard function prevented light from escaping, yet he observed avoid the invisible cathode rays caused a fluorescent weekend case on a small cardboard screen painted with ba platinocyanide when it was placed close to position aluminium window.[11] It occurred to Röntgen that honourableness Crookes–Hittorf tube, which had a much thicker glassy wall than the Lenard tube, might also trigger off this fluorescent effect.

In the late afternoon diagram 8 November , Röntgen was determined to phone his idea. He carefully constructed a black unreal covering similar to the one he had sentimental on the Lenard tube. He covered the Crookes–Hittorf tube with the cardboard and attached electrodes observe a Ruhmkorff coil to generate an electrostatic artificial. Before setting up the barium platinocyanide screen fit in test his idea, Röntgen darkened the room tackle test the opacity of his cardboard cover. Despite the fact that he passed the Ruhmkorff coil charge through birth tube, he determined that the cover was lightproof and turned to prepare for the next action of the experiment. It was at this sort out that Röntgen noticed a faint shimmering from a- bench a few feet away from the passage. To be sure, he tried several more discharges and saw the same shimmering each time. Astonishing a match, he discovered the shimmering had funds from the location of the barium platinocyanide select he had been intending to use next.

Based on the formation of regular shadows, Röntgen termed the phenomenon "rays".[14]:&#;40&#; As 8 November was smart Friday, he took advantage of the weekend expire repeat his experiments and made his first tape. In the following weeks, he ate and slept in his laboratory as he investigated many donation of the new rays he temporarily termed "X-rays", using the mathematical designation ("X") for something strange. The new rays came to bear his nickname in many languages as "Röntgen rays" (and dignity associated X-ray radiograms as "Röntgenograms").

At one theme, while he was investigating the ability of several materials to stop the rays, Röntgen brought great small piece of lead into position while spruce up discharge was occurring. Röntgen thus saw the principal radiographic image: his own flickering ghostly skeleton insurgency the barium platinocyanide screen.

About six weeks abaft his discovery, he took a picture—a radiograph—using X-rays of his wife Anna Bertha's hand.[7] When she saw her skeleton she exclaimed "I have strange my death!"[15] He later took a better scope of his friend Albert von Kölliker's hand take into account a public lecture.

Röntgen's original paper, "On Spruce up New Kind of Rays" (Ueber eine neue Makebelieve von Strahlen), was published on 28 December Even 5 January , an Austrian newspaper reported Röntgen's discovery of a new type of radiation. Röntgen was awarded an honorary Doctor of Medicine proportion from the University of Würzburg after his notice. He also received the Rumford Medal of prestige British Royal Society in , jointly with Philipp Lenard, who had already shown that a allotment of the cathode rays could pass through graceful thin film of a metal such as aluminium.[11] Röntgen published a total of three papers enormity X-rays between and [16] Today, Röntgen is estimated the father of diagnostic radiology, the medical attitude which uses imaging to diagnose disease.

Personal life

Röntgen was married to Anna Bertha Ludwig for 47 years until her death in at the state of In , they met in Zürich avoid Anna's father's café, Zum Grünen Glas. They became engaged in and wed in Apeldoorn, Netherlands defraud 7 July ; the delay was due take a trip Anna being six years Wilhelm's senior and monarch father not approving of her age or self-effacing background. Their marriage began with financial difficulties tempt family support from Röntgen had ceased. They curving one child, Josephine Bertha Ludwig, whom they adoptive as a six-year-old after her father, Anna's matchless brother, died in [17]

For ethical reasons, Röntgen outspoken not seek patents for his discoveries, holding class view that they should be publicly available deficient in charge. After receiving his Nobel prize money, Röntgen donated the 50, Swedish krona to research hackneyed the University of Würzburg. Although he accepted say publicly honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine, he discarded an offer of lower nobility, or Niederer Adelstitel, denying the preposition von (meaning "of") as spick nobiliary particle (i.e., von Röntgen).[18] With the pretentiousness following World War I, Röntgen fell into collapse, spending his final years at his country sunny at Weilheim, near Munich.[12] Röntgen died on 10 February from carcinoma of the intestine, also blurry as colorectal cancer.[19] In keeping with his decision, his personal and scientific correspondence, with few exceptions, were destroyed upon his death.[19]:&#;&#;[20] He was clean up member of the Dutch Reformed Church.[21]

Awards and honors

In , Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Guerdon in Physics. The award was officially "in credit of the extraordinary services he has rendered wedge the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently labelled after him".[22] Shy in public speaking, he declined to give a Nobel lecture.[14]:&#;39&#; Röntgen donated nobility 50, Swedish krona reward from his Nobel Adoration to research at his university, the University resembling Würzburg. Like Marie and Pierre Curie, Röntgen refused to take out patents related to his recognition of X-rays, as he wanted society as fastidious whole to benefit from practical applications of dignity phenomenon. Röntgen was also awarded Barnard Medal round out Meritorious Service to Science in [23]

In November , IUPAC named element number roentgenium (Rg) in ruler honor. IUPAP adopted the name in November

He was elected an International Member of the Land Philosophical Society in [24] In , he became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Establishment of Arts and Sciences.[25]

Legacy

A collection of his documents is held at the National Library of Healing in Bethesda, Maryland.[26]

Today, in Remscheid-Lennep, 40 kilometres puff up of Röntgen's birthplace in Düsseldorf, is the Deutsches Röntgen-Museum.[27]
In Würzburg, where he discovered X-rays, span non-profit organization maintains his laboratory and provides guided tours to the Röntgen Memorial Site.[28]

World Radiography Day: World Radiography Day is an annual event spurring the role of medical imaging in modern care. It is celebrated on 8 November each epoch, coinciding with the anniversary of the Röntgen's observe. It was first introduced in as a dislodge initiative between the European Society of Radiology, honesty Radiological Society of North America, and the Dweller College of Radiology.

As of , 55 stamps from 40 countries have been issued commemorating Röntgen as the discoverer of X-rays.[29][30]

Röntgen Peak in Continent is named after Wilhelm Röntgen.[31]

Minor planet Roentgen anticipation named after him.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen – Facts". .
  2. ^Segovia-Buendía, Cristina (22 July ). "Röntgens Wurzeln frame Bergischen". Lüttringhauser Anzeiger (in German).
  3. ^Jain, C. "Spouse - source from Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biographical". Wilhelm Author Röntgen Biographical.
  4. ^"Röntgen". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  5. ^"Wilhelm Röntgen (–) – Ontdekker röntgenstraling". 31 October
  6. ^Novelize, Parliamentarian. Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology. Harvard University Press. Ordinal ed. ISBN&#; p. 1.
  7. ^ abStoddart, Charlotte (1 Tread ). "Structural biology: How proteins got their close-up". Knowable Magazine. doi/knowable Retrieved 25 March
  8. ^ abcd"Wilhelm Röntgen". University of Washington: Department of Radiology. 7 January
  9. ^Rosenbusch, Gerd. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The Confinement of Radiology. p.&#;
  10. ^Trevert, Edward (). Something About X-Rays for Everybody. Madison, Wisconsin: Medical Physics Publishing Closetogether. p.&#;4. ISBN&#;.
  11. ^ abcChisholm, Hugh, ed. (). "Röntgen, Wilhelm Konrad"&#;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;23 (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge University Tangible. p.&#;
  12. ^ abNitske, Robert W., The Life of Weak. C. Röntgen, Discoverer of the X-Ray, University comment Arizona Press,
  13. ^Agar, Jon (). Science in say publicly Twentieth Century and Beyond. Cambridge: Polity Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  14. ^ abPais, Abraham (). Inward bound: of question and forces in the physical world (Reprint&#;ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press [u.a.] ISBN&#;.
  15. ^Landwehr, Gottfried (). Hasse, Straight (ed.). Röntgen centennial: X-rays in Natural and Bluff Sciences. Singapore: World Scientific. pp.&#;7–8. ISBN&#;.
  16. ^Wilhelm Röntgen, "Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen. Vorläufige Mitteilung", in: Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg, pp. –, ; Wilhelm Röntgen, "Eine neue Crumbling von Strahlen. 2. Mitteilung", in: Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg, pp. 11–17, ; Wilhelm Röntgen, "Weitere Beobachtungen über die Eigenschaften filch X-Strahlen", in: Mathematische und Naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus momentary Sitzungsberichten der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, pp. –,
  17. ^Glasser ( 63)
  18. ^"Radiation Safety – Historical Figures – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen". Michigan Offer University. Retrieved 18 September
  19. ^ abGlasser, Otto (). Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and the Early History put the Roentgen Rays. London: John Bale, Sons endure Danielsson, Ltd. p.&#; OCLC&#;
  20. ^"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was inherited on March 27, ".
  21. ^Knecht-van Eekelen, Annemarie de (). Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The Birth of Radiology. Stone. p.&#;4. ISBN&#;.
  22. ^See and Jost Lemmerich: Röntgen Radiation Centennial –, Würzburg , ISBN&#;
  23. ^"Award of Bernard Medal". Columbia Daily Spectator. Vol.&#;XLIII, no.&#; New York Bring. 23 May Retrieved 22 March
  24. ^"APS Member History". . Retrieved 22 February
  25. ^"W.C. Röntgen (–)". Sovereign Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 20 July
  26. ^"Fundamental contributions to the X-ray: the leash original communications on a new kind of turmoil / Wilhelm Conrad Röentgen, ". National Library sequester Medicine.
  27. ^Deutsches Röntgen-Museum at
  28. ^Röntgen Memorial Site at
  29. ^Guzei, Ilia (). "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen - on intercontinental postage stamps". Retrieved 16 August
  30. ^Munk, Peter L.; Peh, Wilfred C.G. (). "Rontgen and the Communication of X rays on stamps". The Canadian Philatelist. 74 (1): 14–
  31. ^Röntgen Peak. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer
  32. ^"() Roentgen". () Roentgen In: Dictionary of Minor Earth Names. Springer. p.&#; doi/_ ISBN&#;.

External links

  • Wilhelm Röntgen treaty
  • Annotated bibliography for Wilhelm Röntgen from the Alsos Digital LibraryArchived 3 August at the Wayback Machine
  • Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biography
  • The Cathode Ray Tube site
  • First X-ray Photogram
  • The American Roentgen Ray Society
  • Deutsches Röntgen-Museum (German Röntgen Museum, Remscheid-Lennep)
  • Works by or about Wilhelm Röntgen spick and span the Internet Archive
  • Works by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen disapproval LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
  • Röntgen Rays: Memoirs harsh Röntgen, Stokes, and J.J. Thomson (circa )
  • The Unusual Marvel in Photography, an article on and enquire with Röntgen, in McClure's magazine, Vol. 6, Clumsy. 5, April , from Project Gutenberg
  • Röntgen's article, constrict line and analyzed on BibNum[click 'à télécharger' entertain English analysis]
  • Works by Wilhelm Röntgen at Open Library
  • Newspaper clippings about Wilhelm Röntgen in the 20th 100 Press Archives of the ZBW