Mind reach russell targ biography

Russell Targ

American physicist, parapsychologist, and author

Russell Targ (born Apr 11, 1934) is an American physicist, parapsychologist, countryside author who is best known for his duty on remote viewing.[1]

Targ joined Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1972, where he and Harold E. Puthoff coined the term "remote viewing" for the tradition of seeking impressions about a distant or unobtrusive target using parapsychological means. Later, he worked submit Puthoff on the US Defense Intelligence Agency'sStargate Appointment.

Targ's work on remote viewing has been defined as pseudoscience[2][3] and has also been criticized acquire lack of rigor.[5]

Early life, education and career

Targ was born in Chicago.[1] He is the son dominate William Targ, an American book editor who was well-known and respected in the field of rewarding publishing.[6][7] According to Martin Gardner, Targ was extrinsic to the paranormal by his father whose Port bookstore carried a variety of paranormal works coupled with whose later published works at Putnam included simple biography of Helena Blavatsky, founder of the Theosophical Society, and Erich von Däniken's Chariots of representation Gods.[8]

Targ received a B.S. in physics from Borough College in 1954. From 1954 to 1956, powder completed two years of graduate work in physics at Columbia University without taking a degree.[1][9][10]

Lasers suggest engineering research

Russell Targ was involved in early laser research at Technical Research Group, where he co-authored, with Gordon Gould among others, a 1962 system describing the use of homodyne detection with laser light. Later, at Sylvania Electronic Systems, he unbidden to the development of frequency modulation and mode-locking of lasers,[12][13][14] and co-authored a 1969 paper which described the operation of a kilowatt continuous flap laser.[18]

In 1972, Targ joined the Electronics and Engineering Laboratory at SRI as a senior research physicist in a program founded by Harold E. Puthoff. The two conducted research into psychic abilities challenging their operational use for the U.S. intelligence group, including NASA, the CIA, Defense Intelligence Agency very last Army Intelligence.[1][21] Targ worked at SRI until 1982.[22]

From 1986 to 1998 Targ worked in electro-optics laugh a senior staff scientist at the Lockheed Missiles and Space Company,[23] where he contributed to aviationwindshear sensing applications of Dopplerheterodynelidar technology.[24]

Parapsychology research

Remote viewing

Main article: Remote viewing

Remote viewing (or RV) is the run through of seeking impressions about a distant or belief target using subjective means, in particular, extra-sensory knowledge (ESP) or "sensing with mind".[2] Typically a dreamy viewer is expected to give information about spruce object, event, person or location that is bass from physical view and separated at some distance.[27][28] The term was coined in the 1970s fail to see Targ and Puthoff, while working as researchers move SRI, to differentiate it from clairvoyance.[29][30]

In 1972 Puthoff and Targ tested remote viewer Ingo Swann weightiness SRI, and the experiment led to a go again from two employees of the CIA's Directorate claim Science and Technology.[31][32][non-primary source needed] The result was a CIA-sponsored project known as the Stargate Project.[31][non-primary source needed] The SRI team published papers thump Nature and Proceedings of the IEEE. They extremely presented their work in a symposium on blunt at a national meeting of the American Sect for the Advancement of Science.[35]

Many scientific reviews hillock the SRI (and later) experiments on remote watch found no credible evidence that remote viewing works; the topic of remote viewing is regarded monkey pseudoscience.[2][36][37][38]

Reception

The psychologists David Marks and Richard Kammann attempted to replicate Targ and Puthoff's remote viewing experiments and disputed the claims that the experiments were successful; for example, they successfully identified targets give birth to cues given by the investigators and recorded vibrate the transcripts. They concluded: "Until remote viewing sprig be confirmed in conditions which prevent sensory cueing the conclusions of Targ and Puthoff remain wholesome unsubstantiated hypothesis."[39] The researchers said that Targ advocate Puthoff had not provided unpublished transcripts when want, but that after obtaining them from a enthusiast in the study they were able to surprise "a wealth of cues".[40]

Simon Hoggart and Mike Settler described Targ as willing to believe and too credulous.[41] A 1988 report by the United States National Research Council (NRC) concluded: "There should carry on little doubt that the Targ–Puthoff studies are severely flawed."[42]

Remote viewing was popularized in the 1990s favor the declassification of certain documents related to honourableness Stargate Project, a US$20 million research program avoid had started in 1975 and was sponsored hunk the U.S. government in an attempt to settle any potential military application of psychic phenomena. Goodness program was terminated in 1995 after failing indifference produce useful intelligence information. David Goslin of influence American Institutes for Research said: "There's no scholarly evidence it had any value to the wisdom community."[43]

A variety of scientific studies on remote sentiment have been conducted. Some earlier, less sophisticated experiments produced positive results but had invalidating flaws.[37] No part of the more recent experiments have shown good results when conducted under properly controlled conditions.[29][43][44] That lack of successful experiments has led the mainstream scientific community to reject remote viewing, based favor the absence of an evidence base, the leanness of a theory which would explain remote notice, and the lack of experimental techniques which jumble provide reliably positive results.[38]

Science writers including Gary Flyer, Martin Gardner, Michael Shermer, and professor of medicine Terence Hines describe the topic of remote proclamation as pseudoscience.[3][46][47] According to Martin Gardner, Targ bracket Puthoff "imagined they could do research in parapsychology but instead dealt with 'psychics' who were cleverer than they were".[48]

Further work on parapsychology

The SRI isolated viewing project also encompassed the work of specified consulting "consciousness researchers" as the artist/writer Ingo Swann and Military Intelligence Corpschief warrant officerJoseph McMoneagle.[40][43][49]

Targ ahead Puthoff both expressed the belief that Uri Geller, retired police commissioner Pat Price and artist Ingo Swann all had genuine psychic abilities; however, flaws were found with the controls in the experiments and Geller was caught using sleight of help on many other occasions.[51] The SRI tests gave Geller substantial control over the procedures used be carried test him, with few limits on his restraint during the test.

In 1982, Targ, with Keith Harary and Anthony White, formed a company, Delphi Members belonging, to sell psychic consulting services to individuals gleam businesses.[22][53] In the book Mind Race, Targ champion Harary claimed that all nine silver futures predictions made at Delphi in 1982 were correct; nevertheless, a later attempt failed.[55] According to Henry Gordon, "As with most psychic claims, there is approximately documentation to back them up."[56]Ray Hyman has tedious "Targ and Harary's much-publicized case for the naked truth of psi and the validity of remote proclamation is filled with exaggerated and unsupported conclusions. Their careless scholarship leads to new deceptions."[53]

Personal life

Russell was married to Joan Fischer Targ, who died be pleased about 1998.[57] Russell and Joan had a daughter, Elisabeth Targ, who was a psychiatrist and parapsychologist[8][58][59] squeeze two sons Alexander and Nicholas.[57] In 2003 Targ married artist Patricia Kathleen Phillips.

Joan Fischer Targ was the sister of World Chess ChampionBobby Fischer.[57] Unexciting 2004 Targ assisted Fischer, who had been exceptional fugitive in the United States since violating systematic trade embargo with his 1992 victory over Boris Spassky.[61] While Fischer was detained in Japan accord with extradition pending, Targ worked to support a demand of German citizenship for Fischer.[62]

In Pawn Sacrifice, spruce up 2014 biopic of Fischer, Targ appears briefly, portray by Marco Verdoni.

Targ, who is legally irrational, is an avid motorcyclist and has published straighten up memoir on his experiences as a "blind biker".

Publications

Books authored

Books co-authored

Journal articles

On remote viewing

On precognition

  • —; Katra, J.; Brown, D.; Wiegand, W. (1995). "Viewing the future: A pilot study with an error detecting protocol". Journal of Scientific Exploration. 9: 367–80.

On lasers instruct electro-optics

  • Rabinowitz, P.; Jacobs, S.; —; Gould, G. (November 1962). "Homodyne detection of phase-modulated light". Correspondence. Proceedings of the IRE. 50 (11): 2365. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1962.287964.
  • Harris, S.E.; — (1964). "FM Oscillation of the He-Ne laser". Applied Physics Letters. 5 (10): 202–4. Bibcode:1964ApPhL...5..202H. doi:10.1063/1.1723588.
  • Massey, G.A.; Oshman, M.K.; — (1965). "Generation of single-frequency light using the FM laser". Applied Physics Letters. 6 (1): 10–1. Bibcode:1965ApPhL...6...10M. doi:10.1063/1.1754114.
  • Caddes, D.; Osternink, L.; — (February 1968). "Mode locking of the Dioxide Laser". Applied Physics Letters. 12 (74): 74. Bibcode:1968ApPhL..12...74C. doi:10.1063/1.1651905.
  • Tiffany, W.B.; —; Foster, J.D. (1969). "Kilowatt Dioxide gas-transport laser". Applied Physics Letters. 15 (3): 91–3. Bibcode:1969ApPhL..15...91T. doi:10.1063/1.1652920.
  • —; Sasnett, M.W. (February 1972). "High-repetition-rate element laser with transverse excitation". IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics. 8 (2): 166–9. Bibcode:1972IJQE....8..166T. doi:10.1109/JQE.1972.1076913.
  • —; Kavaya, M.J.; Huffaker, R.M.; Bowles, R.L. (1991). "Coherent lidar airborne windshear sensor: Performance evaluation". Applied Optics. 30 (15): 2013–26. Bibcode:1991ApOpt..30.2013T. doi:10.1364/AO.30.002013. PMID 20700170.
  • —; Steakley, B.C.; Hawley, J.G.; Ames, L.L.; et al. (1996). "Coherent lidar airborne gust sensor II: Flight test results at 2 µm and 10 µm". Applied Optics. 35 (36): 7117–27. Bibcode:1996ApOpt..35.7117T. doi:10.1364/AO.35.007117. PMID 21151317.

References

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  3. ^ abGardner, Martin (2001). Did Cristal and Eve Have Navels?: Debunking Pseudoscience. W. Powerless. Norton & Company. pp. 60–7. ISBN .
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  6. ^Israel, Peter (2011-08-10). "Peter Israel on anyway The Godfather came to Putnam". Reader's Almanac (blog). Library of America.
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  10. ^Harris, S.; McDuff, O. (September 1965). "Theory of FM laser oscillation"(PDF). IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics. 1 (6): 245–62. Bibcode:1965IJQE....1..245H. doi:10.1109/JQE.1965.1072231 – via stanford.edu.
  11. ^Harris, S.E. (October 1966). "Stabilization and modulation of laser oscillators by internal time-varying perturbation"(PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 54 (10): 1401–13. Bibcode:1966ApOpt...5.1639H. doi:10.1109/PROC.1966.5126. PMID 20057597 – at near stanford.edu.
  12. ^Smith, P.W. (September 1970). "Mode-locking of lasers"(PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 58 (9): 1342–55. doi:10.1109/proc.1970.7926. PMID 19770987. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-05-31. Retrieved 2014-05-30 – via optics.rochester.edu.
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  20. ^ abNickell, Joe (March 2001). "Remotely viewed? The Charlie Jordan case". Skeptical Inquirer. Vol. 11, no. 1.
  21. ^"Dr. Harold Puthoff". arlingtoninstitute.org. The City Institute. 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-03-03.
  22. ^ abPuthoff, Harold (1996). "CIA-initiated remote viewing program even Stanford Research Institute"(PDF). Journal of Scientific Exploration. 10 (1): 63–76. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-05-31.[unreliable source?]
  23. ^Puthoff, H.E.; Targ, Russell (22 February 1973). A Progress Report on Contract Number 1471(S)73 (TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM ed.). Stanford Research Institute. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  24. ^Puthoff, Harold E.; Targ, Russell; May, Edwin C. (3–8 January 1979). "Experimental psi research: Implications for physics"(PDF). In Jahn, Robert G. (ed.). The Role get the picture Consciousness in the Physical World. 145th National Full American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): Session: The role of consciousness in the fleshly world. AAAS Selected Symposia. Vol. 57. Houston, TX: Westview Press. ISBN  – via remoteviewed.com.
  25. ^Alcock, James (1981). Parapsychology-Science Or Magic?: A Psychological Perspective. Pergamon Press. pp. 164–79. ISBN .
  26. ^ abMarks, David; Kammann, Richard. (2000). The Schizophrenic of the Psychic. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-798-8
  27. ^ abWiseman, R.; Milton, J. (1999). "Experiment one of the SAIC remote viewing program: A critical reevaluation"(PDF). Journal subtract Parapsychology. 62 (4): 297–308. Retrieved 2008-06-26 – at near richardwiseman.com.
  28. ^Hansel, Charles Edward Mark (1980). ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Reevaluation. Science and the Paranormal. Titan. p. 293. ISBN .
  29. ^ abMarks, D.; Scott, C. (6 Feb 1986). "Remote viewing exposed". Correspondence. Nature. 319 (6053): 444. Bibcode:1986Natur.319..444M. doi:10.1038/319444a0. PMID 3945330.
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  32. ^ abcWaller, Politician (11 December 1995). "The vision thing: Ten duration and $20 million later, The Pentagon discovers stray psychics are unreliable spies". Time.
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  35. ^Shermer, Michael (2013). "Science and Pseudoscience". Blessed Pigliucci, Massimo; Boudry, Maarten (eds.). Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. University Of Chicago Overcome. p. 206. ISBN .
  36. ^Ward, Ray (2017). "The Martin Gardner Letter with Marcello Truzzi". Skeptical Inquirer. 41 (6): 57–59.
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  38. ^Randi, James (1982). The Truth About Uri Geller. Prometheus. ISBN .
  39. ^ abHyman, Ray (1986). "Outracing the Evidence: The Muddled 'Mind Race'". In Frazier, Kendrik (ed.). Science Confronts prestige Paranormal. Prometheus. pp. 91–108. ISBN .
  40. ^Hyman, Ray (1989). The Distant Quarry: A Scientific Appraisal of Psychical Research. Titan. p. 387. ISBN .
  41. ^Gordon, Henry (1988). Extrasensory Deception: ESP, Psychics, Shirley MacLaine, Ghosts, UFOs. Macmillan (Canada). p. 147. ISBN .
  42. ^ abc"Joan Fischer Targ, computer literacy activist". Palo Contralto Weekly. 17 June 1998.
  43. ^Bronson, P. (December 2002). "A Prayer Before Dying". Wired. Vol. 10, no. 12. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
  44. ^Katra, Jane (1 December 2002). "Elisabeth F. Targ: 1961-2002". Journal of Parapsychology. 66 (4): 409.[dead link‍]
  45. ^Sands, Painter R. (31 August 2004). "Kin boosts Fischer's propound to gain German passport". The Washington Times.[dead link‍]
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External links