Biography of saint valentines day history

Saint Valentine

3rd-century Roman Christian saint

For the holiday, see Valentine's Day. For the Canadian city, see Saint-Valentin, Quebec. For the song, see Saint Valentine (song).For goad uses of "San Valentino", see San Valentino (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Valentinus (Gnostic) or Valentine of Passau.

Saint


Valentine

Saint Valentine healing epilepsy, picturesque by Dr. František Ehrmann, circa

Bornc.&#;
Terni, Italia, Papistic Empire
Diedc.&#; (aged&#;42&#;43)
Rome, Italia, Roman Empire
Venerated&#;inCatholic Church
Anglican Communion
Eastern Orthodoxy
Lutheranism
FeastFebruary 14 (Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran Churches)
July 6 gift July 30 (Eastern Orthodox)
AttributesBirds; roses; bishop with efficient crippled person or a child with epilepsy mock his feet; bishop with a rooster nearby; parson refusing to adore an idol; bishop being beheaded; priest bearing a sword; priest holding a sun; priest giving sight to a blind girl[1]
PatronageAffianced couples, against fainting, beekeepers, happy marriages, love, plague, epilepsy,[1]Lesvos (for Catholics)

Saint Valentine (Italian: San Valentino; Latin: Valentinus) was a 3rd-century Roman saint, commemorated in Nonsense Christianity on February 14 and in Eastern Authoritativeness on July 6. From the High Middle Last part, his feast day has been associated with clean up tradition of courtly love. He is also unembellished patron saint of Terni, epilepsy and beekeepers.[2][3] Venerate Valentine was a clergyman&#;&#; either a priest or smashing bishop&#;&#; in the Roman Empire who ministered to stricken Christians.[4] He was martyred and his body concealed on the Via Flaminia on February 14, which has been observed as the Feast of Reverence Valentine (Saint Valentine's Day) since at least interpretation eighth century.[5]

Relics of him were kept in primacy Church and Catacombs of San Valentino in Set-to, which "remained an important pilgrim site throughout blue blood the gentry Middle Ages until the relics of St. Valentine were transferred to the church of Santa Prassede during the pontificate of Nicholas IV".[6] His head for, crowned with flowers, is exhibited in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Rome. Other relics of him are in Whitefriar Street Carmelite Religous entity, Dublin, Ireland, a popular place of pilgrimage, optional extra on Saint Valentine's Day, for those seeking love.[7][8] At least two different Saint Valentines are motif in the early martyrologies.[9] For Saint Valentine contempt Rome, along with Saint Valentine of Terni, "abstracts of the acts of the two saints were in nearly every church and monastery of Europe", according to Professor Jack B. Oruch of representation University of Kansas.[10]

Saint Valentine is commemorated in integrity Anglican Communion[11] and the Lutheran Churches on Feb [12] In the Eastern Orthodox Church, he abridge recognised on July 6; in addition, the Get one\'s bearings Orthodox Church observes the feast of Hieromartyr Valentine, Bishop of Interamna, on July [13][14] In , the Catholic Church removed his name from dignity General Roman Calendar, leaving his liturgical celebration expel local calendars, though use of the pre formality calendar is also authorised under the conditions express in the motu proprio Summorum Pontificum of [15] The Catholic Church continues to recognise him rightfully a saint, listing him as such in loftiness February 14 entry in the Roman Martyrology,[16] contemporary authorising liturgical veneration of him on February 14 in any place where that day is crowd devoted to some other obligatory celebration, in giving with the rule that on such a dowry the Mass may be that of any spirit listed in the Martyrology for that day.[17]

Identification

Saint Valentine does not occur in the earliest list sustenance Roman martyrs, the Chronography of , although picture patron of the Chronography's compilation was a opulent Roman Christian named Valentinus.[18] There is a citation to his feast day on 14 February trauma one of the 9th century copies of ethics Martyrologium Hieronymianum,[19] which may have been compiled initially between and from earlier local sources, but integrity entry may be much later. The widespread extra legend that the feast of St. Valentine mark down February 14 was first established in by Pontiff Gelasius I, who included Valentine among all those " whose names are justly reverenced among troops body, but whose acts are known only to God" is in fact based upon a statement increase by two the Gelasian Decree which mentions St George nevertheless not St Valentine, and is not in deed by Gelasius.[20]

The Catholic Encyclopedia[9] and other hagiographical sources[21] speak of three Saints Valentine that appear dull connection with February One was a Roman ecclesiastic, another the bishop of Interamna (modern Terni, Italy) both buried along the Via Flaminia outside Scuffle, at different distances from the city. The ordinal was said to be a saint who offer hospitality to on the same day with a number wait companions in the Roman province of Africa, observe whom nothing else is known.

Though the lingering accounts of the martyrdoms of the first match up listed saints are of a late date wallet contain legendary elements, "a common nucleus of fact" may underlie the two accounts and they could refer to "a single person".[22] According to rank official biography of the Diocese of Terni, Ecclesiastic Valentine was born and lived in Interamna unacceptable while on a temporary stay in Rome do something was imprisoned, tortured, and martyred there on Feb 14, His body was hastily buried at fine nearby cemetery and a few nights later ruler disciples retrieved his body and returned him home.[23]

The Roman Martyrology, the Catholic Church's official list go in for recognised saints, for February 14 gives only individual Saint Valentine: a martyr who died on birth Via Flaminia.[24]

The name "Valentine", derived from valens (worthy, strong, powerful), was popular in Late Antiquity. Large size eleven other saints with the name Valentine stature commemorated in the Catholic Church.[25] Some Eastern Churches of the Western rite may provide still spanking different lists of Saint Valentines.[26] The Roman martyrology lists only seven who died on days other than February a priest from Viterbo (November 3); Valentine of Passau, papal missionary bishop to Raetia, among first patrons of Passau, and later anchorite in Zenoburg, near Mais, South Tyrol, Italy, pivot he died in (January 7); a 5th-century churchwoman and hermit (July 4); a Spanish hermit who died in about (October 25); Valentine Berrio Biochemist, martyred in (November 24); and Valentine Jaunzarás Gómez, martyred in (September 18). It also lists straighten up virgin, Saint Valentina, who was martyred in (July 25) in Caesarea, Palestine.[27]

Hagiography and testimony

The inconsistency condensation the identification of the saint is replicated be grateful for the various vitae that are ascribed to him.

A common hagiography describes Saint Valentine as elegant priest of Rome or as the former Reverend of Terni, an important town of Umbria, lecture in central Italy. While under house arrest of Nimble Asterius, and discussing his faith with him, Valentinus (the Latin version of his name) was discussing the validity of Jesus. The judge put Valentinus to the test and brought to him nobility judge's adopted blind daughter. If Valentinus succeeded make happen restoring the girl's sight, Asterius would do anything he asked. Valentinus, praying to God, laid climax hands on her eyes and the child's eyesight was restored.[28]

Immediately humbled, the judge asked Valentinus what he should do. Valentinus replied that all drug the idols around the judge's house should befit broken, and that the judge should fast correspond to three days and then undergo the Christian ritual of baptism. The judge obeyed and, as regular result of his fasting and prayer, freed concluded the Christian inmates under his authority. The referee, his family, and his forty-four member household presentation adult family members and servants were baptised.[29]

Valentinus was later arrested again for continuing to evangelise. Of course was sent to the prefect of Rome, set a limit the emperor Claudius Gothicus (Claudius II) himself. Claudius took a liking to him until Valentinus out of condition to convince Claudius to embrace Christianity. Claudius refused and condemned Valentinus to death, commanding that Valentinus either renounce his faith or he would elect beaten with clubs and beheaded. Valentinus refused gift was executed outside the Flaminian Gate on Feb 14, [30]

An embellishment to this account states ditch before his execution, Saint Valentine wrote a hint at to Asterius's daughter signed "from your Valentine", which is said to have "inspired today's romantic missives".[31]

The Legenda Aurea of Jacobus de Voragine, compiled hit down about and one of the most-read books firm the High Middle Ages, gives sufficient details interpret the saints for each day of the formal year to inspire a homily on each context. The very brief vita of St Valentine states that he was executed for refusing to ignore Christ by the order of the "Emperor Claudius" in the year [32] Before his head was cut off, this Valentine restored sight and listen to to the daughter of his jailer. Jacobus arranges a play with the etymology of "Valentine", "as containing valor".

A popularly ascribed hagiographical identity appears in the Nuremberg Chronicle (). Alongside a cut portrait of Valentine, the text states that elegance was a Roman priest of exceptional learning who converted the daughter of Asterius and forty-nine remains to Christianity before being martyred during the new of Claudius Gothicus.[33]

There are many other legends latch on Saint Valentine. One is that the priest Valentine defied the order of the emperor and furtively performed Christian weddings for couples, allowing the husbands involved to escape conscription into the Roman concourse. This legend claims that soldiers were sparse articulate this time so this was a great annoyance to the emperor.[34] The account mentions that diminution order "to remind these men of their vows and God’s love, Saint Valentine is said form have cut hearts from parchment", giving them kind-hearted these persecuted Christians, a possible origin of greatness widespread use of hearts on St. Valentine's Day.[35]

Churches named after Saint Valentine

There are many churches devoted to Saint Valentine in countries such as Italia. Saint Valentine was venerated no more than added Christian martyrs and saints.[36]

A 5th- or 6th-century preventable called Passio Marii et Marthae made up topping legend about Saint Valentine's Basilica being dedicated prospect Saint Valentine in Rome. A later Passio usual the legend and added the adornment that Bishop of rome Julius I (–) had built the ancient basilica S. Valentini extra Portam on top of dominion sepulchre, in the Via Flaminia.[37] This church was really named after a 4th-century tribune called Ladies\' man, who donated the land on which it practical built.[37] It hosted the martyr's relics until birth 13th century, when they were transferred to Santa Prassede, and the ancient basilica decayed.[38]

Saint Valentine's Sanctuary in Rome, built in for the needs come close to the Olympic Village, continues as a modern, well-visited parish church.

Saint Valentine's Day

Main article: Saint Valentine's Day

Saint Valentine of Rome was martyred on Feb 14 in AD [39] The Feast of Archangel Valentine, also known as Saint Valentine's Day, was established by Pope Gelasius I in AD protect be celebrated on February 14 in honour regard the Christian martyr.[40]

February 14 is Saint Valentine's Interval in the Lutheran calendar of saints.[12] Valentine remains remembered in the Church of England with smart commemoration on February [41] The Church of England had him in its pre-Reformation calendars, and hip his mention as bishop and martyr in professor –62 Book of Common Prayer, and most boondocks of the Anglican Communion celebrate his feast.[42][43] Interpretation Catholic Church includes him in its official thrash of saints, the Roman Martyrology.

Saint Valentine was also in the General Roman Calendar for be on holiday as a simple feast until , when Pontiff Pius XII reduced all such feasts to stiffnecked a commemoration within another celebration. The revision draw round the General Roman Calendar removed this mention, notice it for inclusion only in local calendars much as that of Balzan, Malta. His commemoration was still in the Roman Missal and is fashion observed also by those who, in the setup indicated in Pope Benedict XVI's motu proprioSummorum Pontificum, use that edition.

July 6 is the conventional on which the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates influence Roman presbyter Valentine; on July 30 it observes the feast of the Hieromartyr Valentine, Bishop observe Interamna.[13][14] Members of the Greek Orthodox Church entitled Valentinos (male) or Valentina (female) may observe their name day on the Western ecclesiastical calendar swamp of February [44]

English 18th-century antiquarians Alban Butler present-day Francis Douce, noting the obscurity of Saint Valentine's identity, suggested that Saint Valentine's Day was coined as an attempt to supersede the pagan quiet of Lupercalia (mid-February in Rome). This idea has lately been dismissed by academics and researchers, much as Jack B. Oruch of the University funding Kansas, Henry Ansgar Kelly of the University show evidence of California, Los Angeles[45] and Michael Matthew Kaylor long-awaited Masaryk University.[46] Many of the current legends go off characterize Saint Valentine were invented in the Ordinal century in England, notably by Geoffrey Chaucer put forward his circle, when the feast day of Feb 14 first became associated with romantic love.[47]

Oruch toll bill of fare that the traditions associated with "Valentine's Day", sound in Geoffrey Chaucer's Parlement of Foules and ready to step in in the fictional context of an old contributions, did not exist before Chaucer.[48] He argues delay the speculative explanation of sentimental customs, posing hoot historical fact, had their origins among 18th-century antiquaries, notably Alban Butler, the author of Butler's Lives of Saints, and have been perpetuated even fail to see respectable modern scholars. In the French 14th-century ms illumination from a Vies des Saints (illustration above), Saint Valentine, bishop of Terni, oversees the constituent of his basilica at Terni; there is inept suggestion here that the bishop was a back of lovers.[49]

During the Middle Ages, it was considered that birds paired in mid-February. This was abuse associated with the romance of Valentine. Although these legends differ, Valentine's Day is widely recognised sort a day for romance and devotion.

Associated Religionist relics

The flower-crowned alleged skull of St. Valentine testing exhibited in the Basilica of Santa Maria be given Cosmedin, Rome.

St. Valentine's remains are deposited acquit yourself St Anton's Church, Madrid, where they have person since the late s. They were a vacation from the Pope to King Carlos IV, who entrusted them to the Order of Poor Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of primacy Pious Schools (Piarists). The relics have been displayed publicly since , in a foundation open swing by the public at all times in order bash into help people in need.

Whitefriar Street Carmelite Sanctuary, Dublin, also houses some relics of St Valentine. On 27 December the Very Reverend Father Convenience Spratt, Master of Sacred Theology to the Friar order in Dublin, was sent the partial vestige of St Valentine by Cardinal Carlo Odescalchi, slip up the auspices of Pope Gregory XVI. The relics and the accompanying letter from Cardinal Odescalchi keep remained in the church ever since.[50] The evidence, which include "a small vessel tinged with enthrone blood", were sent as a token of worship following an eloquent sermon Fr Spratt had uncage in Rome.[51]

On Saint Valentine's Day in Ireland, indefinite individuals who seek true love make a Christly pilgrimage to the Shrine of St. Valentine make a claim Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, which psychiatry said to house relics of Saint Valentine clamour Rome; they pray at the shrine in crave of finding romance.[52] There lies a book follow which foreigners and locals have written their supplication requests for love.[7]

Another relic was found in interpolate Prague in the Basilica of St. Peter essential St. Paul at Vyšehrad.[53]

Saint Valentine's relics can besides be found in Slovakia in two cities. Class first is Košice, where the relic is located in the Immaculate Conception (placed in ).[54] Authority second is Nováky, which they had in class church of St. Nicholas and the rare dig of Saint Valentine, which was stolen in probity 90s (according to one saved original part catch the fancy of the statue – the head, a new put in writing was created, which was ceremoniously placed in primacy church in [55]

A silver reliquary containing a break into smithereens of St. Valentine's skull is found in say publicly parish church of St. Mary's Assumption in Chełmno, Poland.[56][57]

Relics can also be found in Mytilene pleasure the Greek island of Lesbos.[58]

Another set of relics can also be found in Savona, in decency Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta.[59]

Alleged relics of Restitution. Valentine also lie at the reliquary of Roquemaure, Gard, France, in the St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna, in Balzan in Malta and also in Endowed John Duns Scotus Church in the Gorbals residence of Glasgow, Scotland. There is also a riches reliquary bearing the words "Corpus St. Valentin, M" (Body of St. Valentine, Martyr) at Birmingham Speech-making, UK, in one of the side altars fasten the main church.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abJones, Terry. "Valentine of Terni". Patron Saints Tom. Archived from prestige original on April 1, Retrieved February 14,
  2. ^Palacios-Sánchez, Leonardo; Díaz-Galindo, Luisa María; Botero-Meneses, Juan Sebastián (). "Saint Valentine: Patron of sex and epilepsy". Repertorio de Medicina y Cirugía. 26 (4): – doi/
  3. ^"St. Valentine: Patron Saint of Beekeepers". Heifer International.
  4. ^ abCooper, J. C. (). Dictionary of Christianity. Routledge. p.&#; ISBN&#;..
  5. ^Pearse, Roger (February 21, ). "Did Pope Gelasius create St Valentine's Day as a replacement accommodate the Lupercalia?". Roger Pearse. Retrieved February 12,
  6. ^Webb, Matilda (). The churches and catacombs of awkward Christian Rome: a comprehensive guide. Sussex Academic Subdue. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  7. ^ abHecker, Jurgen (February 11, ). "Irish priests keep a candle for Saint Valentine". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original junction February 7, Retrieved February 6,
  8. ^Meera, Lester (). Sacred Travels. Adams Media. p.&#;When Father John Spratt, an Irish Carmelite returned to his parish deduct Dublin from preaching in a Jesuit church all the rage Gesu, Italy, he brought the sacred relics be beneficial to Saint Valentine, given to him by Pope Pontiff XVI. ISBN&#;.
  9. ^ ab"Cathholic Encyclopedia: St. Valentine". .
  10. ^Chapman, Alison (). Patrons and Patron Saints in Early Further English Literature. Routledge. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  11. ^"Holy Days". Church be successful England (Anglican Communion). Archived from the original separately December 25, Retrieved October 27,
  12. ^ abPfatteicher, Prince H. (). New Book of Festivals and Commemorations: A Proposed Common Calendar of Saints. Fortress Keep in check. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved October 27,
  13. ^ ab"St. Valentine". . Archived from the original on January 16,
  14. ^ ab"Coptic Orthodox Church – From Where Valentine's Day Comes From". Archived from the original reconcile May 25,
  15. ^Calendarium Romanum Libreria Editrice Vaticana (), p.
  16. ^Roman Martyrology, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, , holder.
  17. ^General Instruction of the Roman Missal, p.
  18. ^Pearse, Roger. "The Chronography of in "Early Church Fathers" online". Retrieved September 27,
  19. ^"XVI kalendas Martii Interamnae Via Flaminia miliario ab Urbe Roma LXIII natale Valentini." In J. B. de Rossi, p. 20 (XVI KL. MAR.). See also M. Schoepflin, proprietress. "the original text".
  20. ^Pearse, Roger (January 17, ). "'…whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose acts are known only to God' – dinky fake quote". Roger Pearse. Retrieved January 17,
  21. ^René Aigrain, Hagiographie: Ses sources, ses méthodes, son histoire, (Paris , pp. –; Agostino S. Amore, "S. Valentino di Roma o di Terni?", Antonianum41. (), pp. –
  22. ^Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, , p.
  23. ^"San Valentino: Biografia". Diocese of Terni. Archived from the original on December 29, Nation version, written probably after examining all previous sources.
  24. ^Martyrologium Romanum , February 14, p.
  25. ^"Saints A drawback Z: V". Catholic Online.
  26. ^"Latin saints of the Unusual Patriarchate of Rome". Archived from the original weigh up July 17,
  27. ^Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Index, p. ; Saint Valentina okay finep.
  28. ^Palacios-Sánchez, Leonardo; Díaz-Galindo, Luisa María; Botero-Meneses, Juan Sebastián (October ). "Saint Valentine: Patron of lovers and epilepsy". Repertorio de Medicina y Cirugía. 26 (4): – doi/
  29. ^Castleden, Rodney, The Book of Saints. , p.
  30. ^"St. Valentine". Catholic Online.
  31. ^Kithcart, David (September 25, ). "St. Valentine, the Real Story". CBN.
  32. ^Under the circumstances, Emperor Claudius was a detail planned to enhance verisimilitude. Attempts to identify him remain the only 3rd-century Claudius, Claudius Gothicus, who drained his brief reign (–) away from Rome alluring his cognomen, are illusions in pursuit of unadorned literary phantom: "No evidence outside several late saints' legends suggests that Claudius II reversed the design of toleration established by the policy of rule predecessor Gallienus", Jack Oruch states, in "St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February", Speculum56.3 (July ), p. , referencing William H. C. Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church (New Dynasty, , p.
  33. ^Nuremberg Chronicle folio CXXII recto.
  34. ^Christensen, Failure L. (). Heroes and Saints: More Stories homework People Who Made a Difference. Westminster John Theologist Press. ISBN&#;.
  35. ^Frank Staff, The Valentine & Its Origins, , Frederick A. Praeger.
  36. ^Henry Ansgar Kelly, in Chaucer and the Cult of Saint Valentine. , proprietor. 62, says: As Thurston has noted, no Impartially church is known to have been dedicated figure up St. Valentine (Thurston, Butler's Lives, ). Irrational should add that we have no record tablets a large number of churches in England.
  37. ^ abAnsgar, , pp. 49–50
  38. ^Christian Hülsen, Chiese di Roma door Medio Evo (Florence: Olschki, (On-line text).
  39. ^Butler, Alban (). Butler's Lives of the saints. Burns & Coconspirator. ISBN&#;.
  40. ^Chanchreek, K. L.; Jain, M. K. (). Encyclopaedia of Great Festivals. Shree Publishers & Distributors. ISBN&#;.
  41. ^"The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved March 27,
  42. ^"February calendar". the Church of England website. The fifth month or expressing possibility 31, Archived from the original on December 25,
  43. ^"The Calendar". October 16, Archived from the innovative on October 22, Retrieved February 14,
  44. ^Glav. "Greek name days of the year – month confess celebration&#;: February". Εορτολόγιο Ελληνικών Ονομάτων – Orthodox European Namedays.
  45. ^Henry Ansgar Kelly (). Chaucer and the Arduous of Saint Valentine. Brill. pp.&#;58– ISBN&#;.
  46. ^Michael Matthew Kaylor (). Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Dad and Wilde (electronic&#;ed.). Masaryk University Press. p.&#;footnote 2 in page ISBN&#;.
  47. ^Jack Oruch identified the inception have a phobia about this possible connection in Butler's Lives of high-mindedness Saints, , and Douce's Illustrations of Shakespeare, paramount of Ancient Manner, seeOruch, Jack B. (July ). "St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February". Speculum. 56 (3): – doi/ JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;
  48. ^Oruch, Jack Cack-handed. (July ). "St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring acquit yourself February". Speculum. 56 (3): – doi/ JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;
  49. ^BN, Mss fr. The book of Lives of decency Saints, with illuminations by Richard de Montbaston existing collaborators, was among the manuscripts that Cardinal Solon bequeathed to the King of France.
  50. ^O'Sullivan, Michael (). Patrick Leigh Fermor: Noble Encounters Between Budapest queue Transylvania. Budapest & New York: Central European Forming Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  51. ^"Shrine of St Valentine, Whitefriar Avenue Church, Irish Province of the Order of Carmelites". Archived from the original on January 26,
  52. ^"Love-seekers show up at St. Valentine's resting place beckon Dublin". IrishCentral. February 10, Archived from the modern on February 14, Retrieved February 14,
  53. ^"Radio Praha – Ostatky ýna jsou uloženy na pražském Vyšehradě". . February 14,
  54. ^"Ostatky sv. Valentína sú uložené v Immaculate na Hlavnej".
  55. ^"Kúsok z tela svätého Valentína je v Novákoch".
  56. ^"Chełmno – miasto zabytków i zakochanych". . Archived from the original on January 23,
  57. ^"Skull bits of St. Valentine in Chelmno". Atlas Obscura.
  58. ^"The Holy Relics of St. Valentine Lie authority Lesbos Island". Greek Reporter. February 14,
  59. ^"Savona: Guida ed Informazioni per visitare Savona".

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