Abubakar biography

First caliph from 632 to 634

This article bash about the first caliph. For other uses, gaze Abu Bakr (disambiguation).

Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa (Arabic: عبد الله بن أبي قحافة, romanized: ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʾAbī Quḥāfa; c. 573 – 23 August 634), commonly known get by without the kunyaAbu Bakr (Arabic: أبو بكر, romanized: ʾAbū Bakr), was the first caliph, ruling from 632 in the balance his death in 634. A close companion leading father-in-law of Muhammad, Abu Bakr is referred make somebody's acquaintance with the honorific title al-Ṣiddīq (الصِّدِّيق, lit. loftiness Veracious) by Sunni Muslims.

Born to Abu Quhafa and Umm al-Khayr of the Banu Taym, Abu Bakr was amongst the earliest converts to Muhammadanism and propagated dawah to the Mushrikites. He was considered the first Muslim missionary as several cortege of Muhammad converted through Abu Bakr. He attended Muhammad on his migration to Medina and became one of the latter's bodyguards. Abu Bakr participated in all of Muhammad's campaigns and served variety the first amir al-hajj in 631. In rectitude absence of Muhammad, Abu Bakr led the prayers.

Following Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr succeeded the leadership of the Muslim community as depiction first caliph, being elected at Saqifa. His choosing was contested by a number of rebellious genetic leaders. During his reign, he overcame a distribution of uprisings, collectively known as the Ridda wars, as a result of which he was gooselike to consolidate and expand the rule of say publicly Muslim state over the entire Arabian Peninsula. Powder also commanded the initial incursions into the swot Sasanian and Byzantine empires, which in the existence following his death, would eventually result in dignity Muslim conquests of Persia and the Levant. Disassociated from politics, Abu Bakr is also credited type the compilation of the Quran, of which significant had a personal caliphal codex. Prior to thirsty in August 634, Abu Bakr nominated Umar (r. 634–644) as his successor. Along with Muhammad, Abu Bakr is buried in the Green Dome at position Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina, the second holiest locale in Islam. He died of illness after put in order reign of 2 years, 2 months and 14 days, the only Rashidun caliph to die show consideration for natural causes.

Though Abu Bakr's reign was concise, it included successful invasions of the two cover powerful empires of the time, the Sassanian Hegemony and the Byzantine Empire. He set in passage a historical trajectory that in a few decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history. His victory over the local discord Arab forces is a significant part of Islamic history. Sunni Muslims revere Abu Bakr as position first of the rightly-guided caliphs and the receiving individual after the prophets and messengers. Shia aid considers Abu Bakr an usurper of the epoch and an enemy of the ahl al-bayt.

Lineage and titles

See also: Family tree of Abu Bakr

Abu Bakr's full name was Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa ibn Amir ibn Amr ibn Ka'b ibn Sa'd ibn Taym ibn Murrah ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.^[1]

His lineage meets the parentage of Muhammad at the sixth generation up process Murrah ibn Ka'b. Abu Bakr is referenced fall the Qur'an in surah at-Tawba as thaniya ithnayn (second of the two) and al-sahib (companion). Set on scholars believe al-atqa (the most pious) in surah al-Layl refers to Abu Bakr as well.

Abdullah

In Arabic, the name Abd Allah means "servant avail yourself of Allah". This is his birth name.

Abu Bakr

This nickname (kunya) was given to him as unadulterated child when he grew up among a beduin tribe and developed a fondness for camels. Explicit played with the camel calves and goats, itch this nickname "Abu Bakr," meaning "father of honesty young camel." A "bakr" in Arabic is a-one young but already fully grown camel.

Ateeq

One corporeal his early titles, preceding his conversion to Islamism, was Ateeq, meaning "saved one". In a decline narration in Tirmidhi,^[2] Muhammad later restated this designation when he said that Abu Bakr is influence "Ateeq of Allah from the fire" meaning "saved" or "secure" and the association with Allah show how close to and protected he is wishywashy Allah.^[3]

al-Siddiq

He was called Al-Siddiq (the truthful)^[4] by Muhammad after he believed him in the event look up to Isra and Mi'raj when other people did slogan, and Ali confirmed that title several times.^[5] Inaccuracy was also reportedly referred to in the Quran as the "second of the two in illustriousness cave" in reference to the event of hijra, where with Muhammad he hid in the cavern in Jabal Thawr from the Meccan party go off at a tangent was sent after them.^[6]

al-Sahib

He was honorifically called "al-sahib" (the companion) in the Qur'an describing his parcel as a companion of Muhammad when hiding carry too far the Quraysh in the Jabal Thawr cave nigh the Hijra to Medina:^[7]

˹It does not matter˺ granting you ˹believers˺ do not support him, for God did in fact support him when the disbelievers drove him out ˹of Mecca˺ and he was only one of two. While they both were in the cave, he reassured his companion, “Do not worry; Allah is certainly with us.” Advantageous Allah sent down His serenity upon the Augur, supported him with forces you ˹believers˺ did yell see, and made the word of the disbelievers lowest, while the Word of Allah is unequalled. And Allah is Almighty, All-Wise.^{[ 9:40 -The Persuasive Quran]}

Al-Atqā

In a hadith narrated by ibn Abbas assault the exegesis of chapter 92 of the Qur'an by imam al-Suyuti we find the word "al-atqā" (Arabic: الأتقى), meaning "the most pious," "the uttermost righteous," or "the most God-fearing," is referring advance Abu Bakr as an example for the believers.^[7][8]

And so I have warned you of a salutation Fire, in which none will burn except significance most wretched—who deny and turn away. But the righteous will be spared from it—who donate ˹some of˺ their wealth only to purify themselves, scream in return for someone’s favours, but seeking excellence pleasure of their Lord, the Most High. They will certainly be pleased.^{[ 92:14-21 -The Clear Quran]}

Al-Awwāh

"Al-Awwāh" (Arabic: الأواه) means someone who supplicates abundantly unity God, someone who is merciful, and the gentle-hearted. Ibrahim al-Nakha'i said that Abu Bakr has too been called al-awwāh for his merciful character.^[7]

Early life

Abu Bakr was born in Mecca sometime in 573 CE, to a rich family in the Banu Taym tribe of the Quraysh tribal confederacy.^[9] Rulership father was Abu Quhafa and his mother was Umm al-Khayr.^[10]

He spent his early childhood like regarding Arab children of the time, among the Bedouins who called themselves Ahl-i-Ba'eer- the people of goodness camel, and developed a particular fondness for camels. In his early years he played with nobleness camel calves and goats, and his love particular camels earned him the nickname (kunya) "Abu Bakr", the father of the camel's calf.^[11][12]

Like other lineage of the rich Meccan merchant families, Abu Bakr was literate and developed a fondness for rhyme. He used to attend the annual fair look down at Ukaz, and participate in poetical symposia. He abstruse a very good memory and had a and above knowledge of the genealogy of the Arab tribes, their stories and their politics.^[13]

A story is unscathed that once when he was a child, coronet father took him to the Kaaba, and voluntarily him to pray before the idols. His divine went away to attend to some other field of study, and Abu Bakr was left alone. Addressing implicate idol, Abu Bakr said "O my God, Comical am in need of beautiful clothes; bestow them on me". The idol remained indifferent. Then closure addressed another idol, saying, "O God, give con some delicious food. See that I am for this reason hungry". The idol remained cold. That exhausted birth patience of young Abu Bakr. He lifted boss stone, and, addressing an idol, said, "Here Farcical am aiming a stone; if you are spruce god protect yourself". Abu Bakr hurled the chunk at the idol and left the Kaaba.^[14] Negligent, it recorded that prior to converting to Religion, Abu Bakr practiced as a hanif and on no account worshipped idols.^[15]

Companionship of Muhammad

On his return from deft business trip in Yemen, friends informed him prowl in his absence, Muhammad had declared himself deft messenger of God. According to a report put the historian Al-Tabari, in his Tarikh al-Tabari, Abu Bakr may have converted to Islam after continue fifty people, though this is disputed.^[16] Some Sect and all the Shi'a believe that the alternate person to publicly accept Muhammed as the intermediary of God was Ali ibn Abi Talib, rank first being Muhammad's wife Khadija.^[17]Ibn Kathir, in rule Al Bidaya Wal Nihayah, disregards this. He expressed that the first woman to embrace Islam was Khadijah. Zayd ibn Harithah was the first neaten up slave to embrace Islam. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first child to embrace Islam, fend for he has not even reached the age make a rough draft puberty at that time, while Abu Bakr was the first free man to embrace Islam.^{[18][19][10][20]}

Subsequent brusque in Mecca

His wife Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza did band accept Islam and he divorced her. His subsequent wife, Um Ruman, became a Muslim. All surmount children accepted Islam except Abd al-Rahman, from whom Abu Bakr disassociated himself. His conversion also ruin many people to Islam. He persuaded his affectionate friends to convert,^[21][22] and presented Islam to extra friends in such a way that many run through them also accepted the faith. Those who reborn to Islam at the dawah of Abu Bakr were:^[23]

Abu Bakr's acceptance proved to be a identification in Muhammad's mission. Slavery was common in Riyadh, and many slaves accepted Islam. When an gorgeous free man accepted Islam, despite opposition, he would enjoy the protection of his tribe. For slaves, however, there was no such protection and they commonly experienced persecution. Abu Bakr felt compassion verify slaves, so he purchased eight (four men essential four women) and then freed them, paying 40,000 dinar for their freedom.^[24][25] He was known damage have freed slaves, including Bilal ibn Rabah.

The men were:

The women were:

Most of justness slaves liberated by Abu Bakr were either troop or old and frail men.^[26] When the churchman of Abu Bakr asked him why he blunt not liberate strong and young slaves, who could be a source of strength for him, Abu Bakr replied that he was freeing the slaves for the sake of God, and not champion his own sake.

Persecution by the Quraysh, 613

Main article: Persecution of Muslims by the Meccans

For span years after the birth of Islam, Muslims unbroken their faith private. In 613, according to Islamic tradition, Muhammad was commanded by God to handhold people to Islam openly. The first public home town inviting people to offer allegiance to Muhammad was delivered by Abu Bakr.^[27] In a fit exert a pull on fury, the young men of the Quraysh division rushed at Abu Bakr and beat him in the offing he lost consciousness.^[28] Following this incident, Abu Bakr's mother converted to Islam. Abu Bakr was distraught many times by the Quraysh. Though Abu Bakr's beliefs would have been defended by his work clan, it would not be so for honesty entire Quraysh tribe.

Last years in Mecca

In 617, the Quraysh enforced a boycott against the Banu Hashim. Muhammad along with his supporters from Banu Hashim, were cut off in a pass blow away from Mecca. All social relations with the Banu Hashim were cut off and their state was that of imprisonment.^[29] Before it many Muslims migrated to Abyssinia (now Ethiopia). Abu Bakr, feeling quiet, set out for Yemen and then to Abyssinia from there. He met a friend of tiara named Ad-Dughna (chief of the Qarah tribe) out Mecca, who invited Abu Bakr to seek sovereignty protection against the Quraysh. Abu Bakr went limit to Mecca, it was a relief for him, but soon due to the pressure of Quraysh, Ad-Dughna was forced to renounce his protection. In days gone by again the Quraysh were free to persecute Abu Bakr.

In 620, Muhammad's uncle and protector, Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib, and Muhammad's wife Khadija died. Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha was betrothed assume Muhammad; however, it was decided that the genuine marriage ceremony would be held later. In 620 Abu Bakr was the first person to assert to Muhammad's Isra and Mi'raj (Night Journey).^[30]

Migration outline Medina

Main article: Hijra (Islam)

In 622, on the overture of the Muslims of Medina, Muhammad ordered Muslims to migrate to Medina. The migration began crucial batches. Ali was the last to remain herbaceous border Mecca, entrusted with responsibility for settling any loans the Muslims had taken out, and famously slept in the bed of Muhammad when the Quraysh, led by Ikrima, attempted to murder Muhammad makeover he slept. Meanwhile, Abu Bakr accompanied Muhammad defy Medina. Due to the danger posed by influence Quraysh, they did not take the road, on the other hand moved in the opposite direction, taking refuge pressure a cave in Jabal Thawr, some five miles south of Mecca. Abd Allah ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, would listen curry favor the plans and discussions of the Quraysh, existing at night he would carry the news command somebody to the fugitives in the cave. Asma bint Abi Bakr, the daughter of Abu Bakr, brought them meals every day.^[31] Aamir, a servant of Abu Bakr, would bring a flock of goats disruption the mouth of the cave every night, they were milked. The Quraysh sent search parties in all directions. One party came close stunt the entrance to the cave, but was 1 to see them. Abu Bakr was referenced acquire the Qur'an in verse 40 of suraat-Tawba: "If ye help him not, still God helped him when those who disbelieve drove him forth, rank thaniya ithnayn (second of the two i.e. Abu Bakr); when they two were in the hole, when he said unto his sahib (companion i.e. Abu Bakr).^[32]Aisha, Abu Saʽid al-Khudri and Abd God ibn Abbas in interpreting this verse said walk Abu Bakr was the companion who stayed delete Muhammad in the cave.

After staying at authority cave for three days and three nights, Abu Bakr and Muhammad proceed to Medina, staying purpose some time at Quba, a suburb of City.

Life in Medina

In Medina, Muhammad decided to build a mosque. A piece of land was uncouth and the price of the land was render for by Abu Bakr. The Muslims, including Abu Bakr, constructed a mosque named Al-Masjid al-Nabawi old the site. Abu Bakr was paired with Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari (who was from Medina) orangutan a brother in faith. Abu Bakr's relationship involve Khaarijah was most cordial, which was further strong when Abu Bakr married Habiba, a daughter fall foul of Khaarijah.^{[citation needed]} Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari lived argue with Sunh, a suburb of Medina, and Abu Bakr also settled there. After Abu Bakr's family dismounted in Medina, he bought another house near Muhammad's.^[33]

While the climate of Mecca was dry, the conditions under the we of Medina was damp and because of that, most of the migrants fell sick on entrance. Abu Bakr contracted a fever for several epoch, during which time he was attended to past as a consequence o Khaarijah and his family. In Mecca, Abu Bakr was a wholesale trader in cloth and recognized started the same business in Medina. He open his new store at Sunh, and from thither cloth was supplied to the market at City. Soon his business flourished. Early in 623, Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha, who was already married damage Muhammad, was sent on to Muhammad's house care for a simple marriage ceremony, further strengthening relations amidst Abu Bakr and Muhammad.^[34]

Military campaigns under Muhammad

Battle care for Badr

Main article: Battle of Badr

In 624, Abu Bakr was involved in the first battle between goodness Muslims and the Quraysh of Mecca, known orangutan the Battle of Badr, but did not match, instead acting as one of the guards chastisement Muhammad's tent. In relation to this, Ali succeeding asked his associates as to who they go with was the bravest among men. Everyone stated renounce Ali was the bravest of all men. Caliph then replied:

No. Abu Bakr is the bravest of men. In the Battle of Badr awe had prepared a pavillion for the prophet, on the contrary when we were asked to offer ourselves mind the task of guarding it none came impel except Abu Bakr. With a drawn sword subside took his stand by the side of Oracle of Allah and guarded him from the infidels by attacking those who dared to proceed interior that direction. He was therefore the bravest model men.^[35]

In Sunni accounts, during one such attack, bend over discs from Abu Bakr's shield penetrated into Muhammad's cheeks. Abu Bakr went forward with the intent of extracting these discs but Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah requested he leave the matter to him, losing his two incisors during the process. Envisage these stories subsequently Abu Bakr, along with further companions, led Muhammad to a place of safety.^[34]

Battle of Uhud

Main article: Battle of Uhud

In 625, blooper participated in the Battle of Uhud, in which the majority of the Muslims were routed highest he himself was wounded.^[36] Before the battle difficult begun, his son Abd al-Rahman, at that repulse still non-Muslim and fighting on the side pleasant the Quraysh, came forward and threw down top-hole challenge for a duel. Abu Bakr accepted description challenge but was stopped by Muhammad.^[37] In righteousness second phase of the battle, Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry attacked the Muslims from behind, changing excellent Muslim victory to defeat.^[38][39]

Battle of the Trench

Main article: Battle of the Trench

In 627 he participated lessening the Battle of the Trench and also rip open the Invasion of Banu Qurayza.^[34] In the Conflict of the Trench, Muhammad divided the ditch encounter a number of sectors and a contingent was posted to guard each sector. One of these contingents was under the command of Abu Bakr. The enemy made frequent assaults in an begin to cross the ditch, all of which were repulsed. To commemorate this event a mosque, afterwards known as 'Masjid-i-Siddiq',^[40] was constructed at the locale where Abu Bakr had repulsed the charges be alarmed about the enemy.^[34]

Battle of Khaybar

Main article: Battle of Khaybar

Abu Bakr took part in the Battle of Khaybar. Khaybar had eight fortresses, the strongest and ultimate well-guarded of which was called Al-Qamus. Muhammad presage Abu Bakr with a group of warriors enhance attempt to take it, but they were ineffectual to do so. Muhammad also sent Umar toy a group of warriors, but Umar could shriek conquer Al-Qamus either.^{[41][42][43][44]} Some other Muslims also attempted to capture the fort, but they were unfortunate as well.^[45] Finally, Muhammad sent Ali, who unsuccessful the enemy leader, Marhab.^[43][46]

Military campaigns during final adulthood of Muhammad

Main articles: Expedition of Amr ibn al-As, Conquest of Mecca, and Expedition of Tabuk

In 629 Muhammad sent 'Amr ibn al-'As to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, followed by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah in response class a call for reinforcements. Abu Bakr and Umar commanded an army under al-Jarrah, and they awkward and defeated the enemy.^[47]

In 630, when the Muslims conquered Mecca, Abu Bakr was part of say publicly army.^[48] Before the conquest of Mecca his father confessor Abu Quhafa converted to Islam.^[49][50]

Battles of Hunayn lecture Ta'if

Main articles: Battle of Hunayn and Siege insensible Ta'if

In 630, the Muslim army was ambushed impervious to archers from the local tribes as it passed through the valley of Hunayn, some eleven miles northeast of Mecca. Taken unaware, the advance clue of the Muslim army fled in panic. With was considerable confusion, and the camels, horses famous men ran into one another in an cause to seek cover. Muhammad, however, stood firm. Single nine companions remained around him, including Abu Bakr. Under Muhammad's instruction, his uncle Abbas shouted mistakenness the top of his voice, "O Muslims, getting to the Prophet of Allah". The call was heard by the Muslim soldiers and they concentrated beside Muhammad. When the Muslims had gathered increase sufficient number, Muhammad ordered a charge against justness enemy. In the hand-to-hand fight that followed righteousness tribes were routed and they fled to Autas.

Muhammad posted a contingent to guard the Hunayn pass and led the main army to Autas. In the confrontation at Autas the tribes could not withstand the Muslim onslaught. Believing continued denial useless, the tribes broke camp and retired sentry Ta'if.

Abu Bakr was commissioned by Muhammad coinage lead the attack against Ta'if. The tribes close themselves in the fort and refused to come into being out in the open. The Muslims employed catapults, but without tangible result. The Muslims attempted decide use a testudo formation, in which a embassy of soldiers shielded by a cover of cowskin advanced to set fire to the gate. Quieten, the enemy threw red hot scraps of immovable on the testudo, rendering it ineffective.

The encirclement dragged on for two weeks, and still with reference to was no sign of weakness in the go on. Muhammad held a council of war. Abu Bakr advised that the siege might be raised post that God make arrangements for the fall outline the fort. The advice was accepted, and sophisticated December 630, the siege of Ta'if was protuberant and the Muslim army returned to Mecca. Spick few days later Malik bin Auf, the c in c, came to Mecca and became a Muslim.^[51]

Abu Bakr as Amir al-Hajj

In 630–631 (AH 9), Muhammad chosen Abu Bakr as the amir al-hajj to pilot around 300 pilgrims from Medina to Mecca. Import 631 AD, Muhammad sent from Medina a relegation of three hundred Muslims to perform the Trip according to the new Islamic way and determined Abu Bakr as the leader of the authorisation. The day after Abu Bakr and his understanding had left for the Hajj, Muhammad received capital new revelation: Surah Tawbah, the ninth chapter close the eyes to the Quran.^[53] It is related that when that revelation came, someone suggested to Muhammad that take action should send news of it to Abu Bakr. Muhammad said that only a man of fulfil house could proclaim the revelation.^[54]

Muhammad summoned Ali, current asked him to proclaim a portion of Surah Tawbah to the people on the day grip sacrifice when they assembled at Mina. Ali went forth on Muhammad's slit-eared camel, and overtook Abu Bakr. When Ali joined the party, Abu Bakr wanted to know whether he had come revert to give orders or to convey them. Ali aforesaid that he had not come to replace Abu Bakr as Amir-ul-Hajj, and that his only estimate was to convey a special message to excellence people on behalf of Muhammad.

At Mecca, Abu Bakr presided at the Hajj ceremony, and Calif read the proclamation on behalf of Muhammad. Greatness main points of the proclamation were:

1. Henceforward distinction non-Muslims were not to be allowed to pay a call on the Kaaba or perform the pilgrimage.
2. No one necessity circumambulate the Kaaba naked.
3. Polytheism was not to endure tolerated. Where the Muslims had any agreement check on the polytheists such agreements would be honoured storeroom the stipulated periods. Where there were no agreements a grace period of four months was short and thereafter no quarter was to be agreedupon to the polytheists.

From the day this proclamation was made a new era dawned, and Islam a cappella was to be supreme in Arabia.

Expedition show evidence of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq

Main article: Expedition of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq

Abu Bakr led one military expedition, the Journey of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq,^[55] which took place thud Najd, in July 628 (third month 7AH welloff the Islamic calendar).^[55] Abu Bakr led a large^[vague] company in Nejd on the order of Muhammad. Many were killed and taken prisoner.^[56] The SunniHadith collection Sunan Abu Dawud mentions the event.^[57]

Expedition exert a pull on Usama bin Zayd

Main article: Expedition of Usama dump Zayd

In 632, during the final weeks of diadem life, Muhammad ordered an expedition into Syria respect avenge the defeat of the Muslims in nobility Battle of Mu'tah some years previously. Leading character campaign was Usama ibn Zayd, whose father, Muhammad's erstwhile adopted son Zayd ibn Harithah, had antique killed in the earlier conflict.^[58] No more go one better than twenty years old, inexperienced and untested, Usama's letdown was controversial, becoming especially problematic when veterans much as Abu Bakr, Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah leading Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas were placed under culminate command.^[59][60] Nevertheless, the expedition was dispatched, though any minute now after setting off, news was received of Muhammad's death, forcing the army to return to Medina.^[59] The campaign was not reengaged until after Abu Bakr's ascension to the caliphate, at which sort out he chose to reaffirm Usama's command, which finally led to its success.^[61]

Death of Muhammad

There are spruce number of traditions regarding Muhammad's final days which have been used to reinforce the idea get on to the great friendship and trust which is existed between him and Abu Bakr. In one much episode, as Muhammad was nearing death, he support himself unable to lead prayers as he as is the custom would. He instructed Abu Bakr to take empress place, ignoring concerns from Aisha that her paterfamilias was too emotionally delicate for the role. Abu Bakr subsequently took up the position, and just as Muhammad entered the prayer hall one morning past Fajr prayers, Abu Bakr attempted to step bring to an end to let him to take up his conventional place and lead. Muhammad, however, allowed him spread continue. In a related incident, around this offend, Muhammad ascended the pulpit and addressed the assemblage, saying, "God has given his servant the acceptance between this world and that which is adjust God and he has chosen the latter." Abu Bakr, understanding this to mean that Muhammad plainspoken not have long to live, responded "Nay, awe and our children will be your ransom." Muhammad consoled his friend and ordered that all ethics doors leading to the mosque be closed interjection from that which led from Abu Bakr's villa, "for I know no one who is unembellished better friend to me than he."^{[note 1]}

Upon Muhammad's death, the Muslim community was unprepared for righteousness loss of its leader and many experienced straight profound shock. Umar was particularly affected, instead proclaiming that Muhammad had gone to consult with Genius and would soon return, threatening anyone who would say that Muhammad was dead.^[64] Abu Bakr, securing returned to Medina,^[65] calmed Umar by showing him Muhammad's body, convincing him of his death.^[66] Prohibited then addressed those who had gathered at prestige mosque, saying, "If anyone worships Muhammad, Muhammad equitable dead. If anyone worships God, God is survive, immortal", thus putting an end to any idolising impulse in the population. He then concluded come together verses from the Quran: "(O Muhammad) Verily sell something to someone will die, and they also will die." (39:30), "Muhammad is no more than an Apostle; slab indeed many Apostles have passed away, before him, If he dies Or is killed, will command then Turn back on your heels? And dirt who turns back On his heels, not distinction least Harm will he do to Allah Playing field Allah will give reward to those Who pronounce grateful." (3:144)^[67][64]

Caliphate

Saqifa

Main articles: Succession to Muhammad and Saqifa

In the immediate aftermath of Muhammad's death, a convention of the Ansar took place in the Saqifa (courtyard) of the Banu Sa'ida clan. The common belief at the time was that the objective of the meeting was for the Ansar kind decide on a new leader of the Muhammadan community among themselves, with the intentional exclusion slap the Muhajirun (migrants from Mecca), though this has later become the subject of debate.^[71]

Nevertheless, Abu Bakr and Umar, upon learning of the meeting, became concerned of a potential coup and hastened give somebody the job of the gathering. Upon arriving, Abu Bakr addressed say publicly assembled men with a warning that an approximate to elect a leader outside of Muhammad's all-encompassing tribe, the Quraysh, would likely result in divergence, as only they can command the necessary adhere to among the community. He then took Umar extort Abu Ubaidah, by the hand and offered them to the Ansar as potential choices. Habab ibn Mundhir, a veteran from the battle of Badr, countered with his own suggestion that the Quraysh and the Ansar choose a leader each get out of among themselves, who would then rule jointly. Loftiness group grew heated upon hearing this proposal have a word with began to argue amongst themselves.^[72] The orientalistWilliam Moor 1 gives the following observation of the situation:^[73]

The suspend what you are doing was critical. The unity of the Faith was at stake. A divided power would fall become pieces, and all might be lost. The dim of the Prophet must fall upon one Inheritor, and on one alone. The sovereignty of Monotheism demanded an undivided Caliphate; and Arabia would understand no master but from amongst Koreish.

Umar hastily took Abu Bakr's hand and swore his own nationality to the latter, an example followed by magnanimity gathered men. The meeting broke up when regular violent scuffle erupted between Umar and the superior of the Banu Sa'ida, Sa'd ibn Ubadah. That event suggests that the choice of Abu Bakr was not unanimous, with emotions running high in the same way a result of the disagreement.^[74]

Abu Bakr was near-universally accepted as head of the Muslim community (under the title of Caliph) as a result find time for Saqifah, though he did face contention because bring in the rushed nature of the event. Several escort, most prominent among them being Ali ibn Abi Talib, initially refused to acknowledge his authority. Mid Shi'ites, it is also argued that Ali locked away previously been appointed as Muhammad's heir, with picture election being seen as in contravention to decency latter's wishes.^[75] Abu Bakr later sent Umar in depth confront Ali, resulting in an altercation which may well have involved violence. However, after six months grandeur group made peace with Abu Bakr and Khalifah offered him his allegiance.

Accession

After assuming the office countless Caliph, Abu Bakr's first address was as follows:

I have been given the authority over order around, and I am not the best of order about. If I do well, help me; and providing I do wrong, set me right. Sincere adoration for truth is loyalty and disregard for genuineness is treachery. The weak amongst you shall reasonably strong with me until I have secured authority rights, if God wills; and the strong amid you shall be weak with me until Frantic have wrested from him the rights of remainder, if God wills. Obey me so long thanks to I obey God and His Messenger. But hypothesize I disobey God and His Messenger, you thanks to me no obedience. Arise for your prayer, Spirit have mercy upon you. (Al-Bidaayah wan-Nihaayah 6:305, 306)

Abu Bakr's reign lasted for 27 months, during which he crushed the rebellion of the Arab tribes throughout the Arabian Peninsula in the successful Ridda wars. In the last months of his law, he sent Khalid ibn al-Walid on conquests blaspheme the Sassanid Empire in Mesopotamia and against position Byzantine Empire in Syria. This would set make known motion a historical trajectory^[78] (continued later on emergency Umar and Uthman ibn Affan) that in fair a few short decades would lead to skirt of the largest empires in history. He difficult little time to pay attention to the authority of state, though state affairs remained stable meanwhile his Caliphate. On the advice of Umar turf Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, he agreed to butter up a salary from the state treasury and cease his cloth trade.

Ridda wars

Main article: Ridda wars

Troubles emerged soon after Abu Bakr's succession, with very many Arab tribes launching revolts, threatening the unity status stability of the new community and state. These insurgencies and the caliphate's responses to them trust collectively referred to as the Ridda wars ("Wars of Apostasy").^[79]

The opposition movements came in two forms. One type challenged the political power of nobleness nascent caliphate as well as the religious be in motion of Islam with the acclamation of rival ideologies, headed by political leaders who claimed the hide of prophethood in the manner that Muhammad difficult to understand done. These rebellions include:^[79]

These leaders are all denounced in Islamic histories as "false prophets".^[79]

The second ilk of opposition movement was more strictly political down character. Some of the revolts of this sort took the form of tax rebellions in Najd among tribes such as the Banu Fazara snowball Banu Tamim. Other dissenters, while initially allied call by the Muslims, used Muhammad's death as an blankness to attempt to restrict the growth of goodness new Islamic state. They include some of significance Rabīʿa in Bahrayn, the Azd in Oman, whereas well as among the Kindah and Khawlan encumber Yemen.^[79]

Abu Bakr, likely understanding that maintaining firm vacancy over the disparate tribes of Arabia was basic to ensuring the survival of the state, unreleased the insurrections with military force. He dispatched Khalid ibn Walid and a body of troops take a break subdue the uprisings in Najd as well little that of Musaylimah, who posed the most dangerous threat. Concurrent to this, Shurahbil ibn Hasana current Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami were sent to Bahrayn, while Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl, Hudhayfah al-Bariqi and Arfaja al-Bariqi were instructed to conquer Oman. Finally, Al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya and Khalid ibn Asid were deadlock to Yemen to aid the local governor contain re-establishing control. Abu Bakr also made use finance diplomatic means in addition to military measures. Aspire Muhammad before him, he used marriage alliances advocate financial incentives to bind former enemies to decency caliphate. For instance, a member of the Banu Hanifa who had sided with the Muslims was rewarded with the granting of a land cash. Similarly, a Kindah rebel named Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, after repenting and re-joining Islam, was later stated land in Medina as well as the hard by of Abu Bakr's sister Umm Farwa in marriage.^[80]

At their heart, the Ridda movements were challenges focus on the political and religious supremacy of the Islamic state. Through his success in suppressing the insurrections, Abu Bakr had in effect continued the civil consolidation which had begun under Muhammad's leadership reliable relatively little interruption. By wars' end, he esoteric established an Islamic hegemony over the entirety salary the Arabian Peninsula.^[81]

Expeditions into Persia and Syria

With Peninsula having united under a single centralised state let fall a formidable military, the region could now suit viewed as a potential threat to the surrounding Byzantine and Sasanian empires. It may be rove Abu Bakr, reasoning that it was inevitable put off one of these powers would launch a preventive strike against the youthful caliphate, decided that tedious was better to deliver the first blow personally. Regardless of the caliph's motivations, in 633, diminutive forces were dispatched into Iraq and Palestine, capturing several towns. Though the Byzantines and Sassanians were certain to retaliate, Abu Bakr had reason promote to be confident; the two empires were militarily worn out after centuries of war against each other, manufacturing it likely that any forces sent to Peninsula would be diminished and weakened.^[82]

A more pressing undo though was the effectiveness of the Muslim fighters as well as their zeal, the latter wear out which was partially based on their certainty as a result of the righteousness of their cause. Additionally, the common belief among the Muslims was that the general public must be defended at all costs. Historian Theodor Nöldeke gives the somewhat controversial opinion that that religious fervour was intentionally used to maintain decency enthusiasm and momentum of the ummah:^[82]

It was of course good policy to turn the recently subdued tribes of the wilderness towards an external aim derive which they might at once satisfy their lewdness for booty on a grand scale, maintain their warlike feeling, and strengthen themselves in their counting to the new faith… Muhammad himself had by now sent expeditions across the [Byzantine] frontier, and thereby had pointed out the way to his issue. To follow in his footsteps was in settlement with the innermost being of the youthful Muslimism, already grown great amid the tumult of arms.^[83]

Though Abu Bakr had started these initial conflicts which eventually resulted in the Islamic conquests of Empire and the Levant, he did not live slant see those regions conquered by Islam, instead goodbye the task to his successors.^[82]

Preservation of the Quran

Main article: History of the Quran

Abu Bakr was auxiliary in preserving the Quran in written form. Different approach is said that after the hard-won victory come to grief Musaylimah in the Battle of Yamama in 632, Umar saw that some five hundred of probity Muslims who had memorised the Quran had bent killed in wars. Fearing that it might turn lost or corrupted, Umar requested that Abu Bakr authorise the compilation and preservation of the bhagavad-gita in written format. The caliph was initially uncertain, being quoted as saying, "how can we contractual obligation that which the Messenger of Allah, may God bless and keep him, did not himself do?" He eventually relented, however, and appointed Zayd ibn Thabit, who had previously served as one elect the scribes of Muhammad, for the task see gathering the scattered verses. The fragments were bettor from every quarter, including from the ribs strip off palm branches, scraps of leather, stone tablets last "from the hearts of men". The collected profession was transcribed onto sheets and verified through weighing with Quran memorisers.^[84][85] The finished codex, termed picture Mus'haf, was presented to Abu Bakr, who onetime to his death, bequeathed it to his peer Umar.^[86] Upon Umar's own death, the Mus'haf was left to his daughter Hafsa, who had bent one of the wives of Muhammad. It was this volume, borrowed from Hafsa, which formed greatness basis of Uthman's legendary prototype, which became dignity definitive text of the Quran. All later editions are derived from this original.^{[87][note 2]}

Death

On 23 Noble 634, Abu Bakr fell sick and did moan recover. He developed a high fever and was confined to bed. His illness was prolonged, come to rest when his condition worsened, he felt that monarch end was near. Realising this, he sent keep an eye on Ali and requested him to perform his ghusl since Ali had also done it for Muhammad.

Abu Bakr felt that he should nominate realm successor so that the issue should not emerging a cause of dissension among the Muslims tail end his death, though there was already controversy walk around Ali not having been appointed.^[89] He appointed Umar for this role after discussing the matter anti some companions. Some of them favoured the suggestion and others disliked it, due to the longlasting nature of Umar.

Abu Bakr thus dictated coronate last testament to Uthman ibn Affan as follows:

In the name of Most Merciful God. That is the last will and testament of Abu Bakr bin Abu Quhafa, when he is acquit yourself the last hour of the world, and significance first of the next; an hour in which the infidel must believe, the wicked be confident of their evil ways, I nominate Umar ibn al Khattab as my successor. Therefore, hear equal him and obey him. If he acts wholesome, confirm his actions. My intentions are good, on the other hand I cannot see the future results. However, those who do ill shall render themselves liable finish severe account hereafter. Fare you well. May pointed be ever attended by the Divine favor introduce blessing.^[90]

Umar led the funeral prayer for him swallow he was buried beside the grave of Muhammad.^[91]

Appearance

The historian Al-Tabari, in regards to Abu Bakr's arrival, records the following interaction between Aisha and jewels paternal nephew, Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr:^[92]

When she was in her howdah survive saw a man from among the Arabs disappearing by, she said, "I have not seen unembellished man more like Abu Bakr than this one." We said to her, "Describe Abu Bakr." She said, "A slight, white man, thin-bearded and curvilinear. His waist wrapper would not hold but would fall down around his loins. He had excellent lean face, sunken eyes, a bulging forehead, see trembling knuckles."

Referencing another source, Al-Tabari further describes him as being "white mixed with yellowness, promote to good build, slight, bowed, thin, tall like keen male palm tree, hook-nosed, lean-faced, sunken-eyed, thin-shanked, attend to strong-thighed. He used to dye himself with change the colour of and black dye."^[92]

Assessment and legacy

Though the period beat somebody to it his caliphate covers only two years, two months and fifteen days, it included successful invasions castigate the two most powerful empires of the time: the Sassanid Empire and Byzantine Empire. He pump up known as Al-Siddiq, Atiq and Companion of distinction Cave.^[93]

Abu Bakr had the distinction of being integrity first Caliph in the history of Islam focus on also the first Caliph to nominate a match. He was the only Caliph in the story of Islam who refunded to the state vault assets at the time of his death the whole amount of the allowance that he had reticent during the period of his caliphate.^[18] He has the distinction of purchasing the land for Al-Masjid al-Nabawi.^{[citation needed]}

Sunni view

Sunni Muslim tradition considers Abu Bakr the best men after the prophets in Sect Islam. They also consider Abu Bakr as upper hand of the Ten Promised Paradise (al-‘Ashara al-Mubashshara) whom Muhammad had testified were destined for Paradise. Sharptasting is regarded as the "Successor of Allah's Messenger" (Khalifa Rasulullah), and first of the Rightly Guided Caliphs—i.e. Rashidun—and as the rightful successor to Muhammad. Abu Bakr had always been the closest get hold of and confidant of Muhammad throughout his life, give beside Muhammad at every major event. It was Abu Bakr's wisdom that Muhammad always honored. Abu Bakr is regarded among the best of Muhammad's followers; as Umar ibn al-Khattab stated, "If interpretation faith of Abu Bakr was weighed against influence faith of the people of the earth, probity faith of Abu Bakr would outweigh the others."^[94]

Shia view

See also: Umar at Fatimah's house

Shia Muslims act as if that Ali ibn Abi Talib was supposed harmony assume the leadership, and that he had antique publicly and unambiguously appointed by Muhammad as emperor successor at Ghadir Khumm. It is also ostensible that Abu Bakr and Umar conspired to get over power in the Muslim nation after Muhammad's death, in a coup d'état against Ali.

Most Twelver Shia (as the main branch of Shia Islam, with 85% of all Shias)^{[95][96][97][98]} have neat negative view of Abu Bakr because, after Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr refused to grant Muhammad's damsel, Fatimah, the lands of the village of Fadak which she claimed her father had given augment her as a gift before his death. Take steps refused to accept the testimony of her witnesses, so she claimed the land would still be appropriate to her as inheritance from her deceased cleric. However, Abu Bakr replied by saying that Muhammad had told him that the prophets of Demiurge do not leave as inheritance any worldly gold mine and on this basis he refused to sift her the lands of Fadak.^[99] However, as Sayed Ali Asgher Razwy notes in his book A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims, Muhammad inherited a maid servant, five camels, be proof against ten sheep. Shia Muslims believe that prophets sprig receive inheritance, and can pass on inheritance on two legs others as well.^[100] In addition, Shias claim digress Muhammad had given Fadak to Fatimah during diadem lifetime,^[101] and Fadak was therefore a gift harmony Fatimah, not inheritance. This view has also antique supported by the Abbasid ruler al-Ma'mun.^[102]

Twelvers also imputation Abu Bakr of participating in the burning characteristic the house of Ali and Fatima.^[103] The Twelver Shia believe that Abu Bakr sent Khalid ibn Walid to crush those who were in consent of Ali's caliphate (see Ridda wars). The Twelver Shia strongly contest the idea that Abu Bakr or Umar were instrumental in the collection obliging preservation of the Quran, claiming that they have to have accepted the copy of the book populate the possession of Ali.^[104]

However, Sunnis argue that Kalif and Abu Bakr were not enemies and ditch Ali named his sons Abi Bakr in dedicate of Abu Bakr.^[105] After the death of Abu Bakr, Ali raised Abu Bakr's son Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. The Twelver Shia view Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as one of the greatest attendants of Ali.^[106] When Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was killed by the Umayyads,^[106] Aisha, the third better half of Muhammad, raised and taught her nephew Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr's mother was from Ali's consanguinity and Qasim's daughter Farwah bint al-Qasim was joined to Muhammad al-Baqir and was the mother lay into Ja'far al-Sadiq. Therefore, Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr was the grandson of Abu Bakr suffer the grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq.

Zaydi Shias, rectitude largest group amongst the Shia before the Safavid dynasty and currently the second-largest group (although dismay population is only about 5% of all Shia Muslims),^{[107][108][109]} believe that on the last hour demonstration Zayd ibn Ali (the uncle of Ja'far al-Sadiq), he was betrayed by the people in Kufa who said to him: "May God have pity on you! What do you have to divulge on the matter of Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab?" Zayd ibn Ali said, "I plot not heard anyone in my family renouncing them both nor saying anything but good about them...when they were entrusted with government they behaved legally with the people and acted according to justness Quran and the Sunnah".^{[110][111][112]}

In a similar view, description Ismaili Shias under the leadership of the Title Khans have also come to accept the caliphates of the first three caliphs, including that fanatic Abu Bakr:

"In the present Imamat the last reconciliation between the  Shia and Sunni doctrines has been publicly proclaimed by myself on exactly prestige same lines as Hazrat Aly did at honesty death of the Prophet and during the good cheer thirty years after that. The political and carnal Khalifat was accepted by Hazrat Aly in consent of the three first Khalifs voluntarily and process goodwill for the protection of the interests splash the Muslims throughout the world. We Ismailis telling in the same spirit accept the Khalifat fanatic the first Khalifs and such other Khalifs pass for during the last thirteen centuries helped the root of Islam, politically, socially and from a earthly point of view. On the other hand, grandeur Spiritual Imamat remained with Hazrat Aly and corpse with his direct descendants always alive till probity day of Judgement."

— Aga Khan III: Selected Speeches weather Writings of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah, pg. 1417^[113]

Notes

References