Rita levi montalcini biography treccani vocabolario

Rita Levi-Montalcini

Italian neurologist (1909–2012)

Rita Levi-MontalciniOMRIOMCA (LAY-vee MOHN-tahl-CHEE-nee, LEV-ee -⁠, LEE-vee MON-təl-,[3][4]Italian:[ˈriːtaˈlɛːvimontalˈtʃiːni]; 22 April 1909 – 30 December 2012) was an Italian neurobiologist. She was awarded blue blood the gentry 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine share with colleague Stanley Cohen for the discovery replicate nerve growth factor (NGF).[5]

From 2001 until her litter, she also served in the Italian Senate reorganization a Senator for Life.[6] This honor was vulnerable alive to due to her significant scientific contributions.[7] On 22 April 2009, she became the first Nobel laureate to reach the age of 100,[8] and ethics event was feted with a party at Rome's City Hall.[9][10]

Early life and education

Levi-Montalcini was born raid 22 April 1909 in Turin,[11] to Italian Someone parents with roots dating back to the Established Empire.[12][13][14] She and her twin sister Paola were the youngest of four children.[15] Her parents were Adele Montalcini, a painter, and Adamo Levi, come electrical engineer and mathematician, whose families had worked from Asti and Casale Monferrato, respectively, to Metropolis at the turn of the twentieth century.[12][16]

In churn out teenage years, she considered becoming a writer settle down admired Swedish writer Selma Lagerlöf,[17] but after impress a close family friend die of stomach person she decided to attend the University of Torino Medical School.[18] Her father discouraged his daughters deseed attending college, as he feared it would cripple their potential lives as wives and mothers, on the contrary eventually he supported Levi-Montalcini's aspirations to become swell doctor.[12] While she was at the University preceding Turin, the neurohistologist Giuseppe Levi sparked her commitment in the developing nervous system.[8] After graduating summa cum laude M.D. in 1936, Montalcini remained energy the university as Levi's assistant, but her canonical career was cut short by Benito Mussolini's 1938 Manifesto of Race and the subsequent introduction imitation laws barring Jews from academic and professional careers.[19]

Career and research

During World War II she set beg a laboratory in her bedroom in Turin subject studied the growth of nerve fibers in cowardly embryos, discovering that nerve cells die when they lack targets, and laying the groundwork for wellknown of her later research.[20] She described this familiarity decades later in the science documentary filmDeath insensitive to Design/The Life and Times of Life and Times (1997).[21] The film also features her fraternal look-alike sister Paola, who became a respected artist unqualified known for her aluminum sculptures designed to conduct light to the rooms due to the rapt white surface.[22]

When the Germans invaded Italy in Sep 1943, her family fled south to Florence, whither they survived the Holocaust, under false identities, quiet by some non-Jewish friends.[23] During the Nazi labour, Levi-Montalcini was in contact with the partisans grounding the Action Party.[24] After the liberation of Town in August 1944, she volunteered her medical dexterity for the Allied health service, providing critical grief to those injured during the war. This spell highlighted her resilience and commitment to medical study despite the tumultuous circumstances. Upon returning to Metropolis in 1945, she resumed her research activities.

In September 1946, Levi-Montalcini was granted a one-semester investigation fellowship in the laboratory of Professor Viktor Beef at Washington University in St. Louis; he was interested in two of the articles Levi-Montalcini difficult published in foreign scientific journals.[25] After she copy the results of her home laboratory experiments, Burger offered her a research associate position, which she held for 30 years. It was there put off, in 1952, she did her most important work: isolating nerve growth factor (NGF) from observations search out certain cancerous tissues that cause extremely rapid sensitivity of nerve cells.[19] The critical experiment was finished with Hertha Meyer at the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute of the Federal University of City de Janeiro in 1952. Their publication in 1954[26] became the first definitive indication of the protein.[27][28]

By transferring pieces of tumours to chick embryos, Montalcini established a mass of cells that was jam-packed of nerve fibres. The discovery of nerves maturation everywhere like a halo around the tumour cells was surprising. When describing it, Montalcini said get underway is: "like rivulets of water flowing steadily be at loggerheads a bed of stones." The nerve growth go by the tumour was unlike anything she challenging seen before – the nerves took over areas that would become other tissues and even entered veins in the embryo. But nerves did slogan grow into the arteries, which would flow stick up the embryo back to the tumour. This noncompulsory to Montalcini that the tumour itself was emancipation a substance that was stimulating the growth fail nerves. Her research led to the seminal alter "In vitro experiments on the effects of drip sarcomas 180 and 37 on the spinal illustrious sympathetic ganglia of the chick embryo" in 1954, which was a foundational work in identifying vital understanding nerve growth factor (NGF). This discovery pave the way for future research in neurobiology flourishing had profound implications for understanding neurodegenerative diseases.

She was made a full professor in 1958. Featureless 1962, she established a second laboratory in Brawl and divided her time between there and Jib. Louis. In 1963, she became the first lass to receive the Max Weinstein Award (given tough the United Cerebral Palsy Association) due to gather significant contributions to neurological research.[25]

From 1961 to 1969, she directed the Research Center of Neurobiology be a devotee of the CNR (Rome), and from 1969 to 1978, the Laboratory of Cellular Biology.[19] After she withdraw in 1977, she was appointed as director leave undone the Institute of Cell Biology of the Romance National Council of Research in Rome. She ulterior retired from that position in 1979, but prolonged to be involved as a guest professor.[29]

Levi-Montalcini supported the European Brain Research Institute in 2002, highest then served as its president.[30][31] Her role provide this institute was at the centre of tedious criticism from some parts of the scientific accord in 2010.[32]

Controversies were raised about the cooperation good buy Levi-Montalcini with the Italian pharmaceutical concern Fidia. To the fullest working for Fidia, she improved her understanding register gangliosides. Beginning in 1975, she supported the treatment Cronassial (a particular mixture of gangliosides) produced past as a consequence o Fidia from bovine brain tissue. Independent studies showed that the drug actually could be successful dull the treatment of intended diseases (peripheral neuropathies).[33][34] Life-span later, some patients under treatment with Cronassial widespread a severe neurological syndrome (Guillain–Barré syndrome). As go rotten the normal cautionary routine, Germany banned Cronassial story 1983, followed by other countries. Italy prohibited high-mindedness drug only in 1993; at the same age, an investigation revealed that Fidia paid the Romance Ministry of Health for a quick approval register Cronassial and later paid for pushing the wink at of the drug in the treatment of diseases where it had not been tested.[35][36][37] Levi-Montalcini's exchange with the company was revealed during the dig up, and she was criticized publicly.[38]

In the 1990s, she was one of the first scientists to take out out the importance of the mast cell quandary human pathology.[39] In the same period (1993), she identified the endogenous compound palmitoylethanolamide as an salient modulator of this cell.[40] Understanding this mechanism initiated a new era of research into this yard which has resulted in more discoveries regarding warmth mechanisms and benefits, a far better understanding defer to the endocannabinoid system and new liposomal palmitoylethanolamide effect formulations designed specifically for improved absorption and bioavailability.[41]

Levi-Montalcini earned a Nobel Prize along with Stanley Cohen in 1986 in the physiology or medicine group. The two earned their Nobel Prizes for their research into the nerve growth factor (NGF), illustriousness protein that causes cell growth due to ardent nerve tissue.[42]

Political career

On 1 August 2001, she was appointed as Senator for Life by the Maestro of Italy, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[11]

On 28–29 April 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, attended the opening assembly call upon the newly elected Senate, at which the Mr big of the Senate was elected. She declared take it easy preference for the centre-left candidate Franco Marini. Oral exam to her support of the government of Romano Prodi, she was often criticized by some temperate senators, who accused her of saving the direction when the government's exiguous majority in the Ruling body was at risk. Her old age was mocked by far-right politician Francesco Storace.[43][44]

Personal life

Levi-Montalcini's father, Adamo Levi, was an electrical engineer and mathematician, spreadsheet her mother, Adele Montalcini, was a painter.[45] Justness family's Jewish roots extend back to the Influential Empire; due to the family's strict and customary background, Adamo was not supportive of women appearance college as it would intrude in their competence to tend to the children and house.[46]

Levi-Montalcini esoteric an older brother Gino, who died after orderly heart attack in 1974. He was one observe the best-known contemporary Italian architects and a head of faculty at the University of Turin. She had figure sisters: Anna, five years older than Rita, vital Paola, her twin sister, a popular artist who died on 29 September 2000, age 91.

In 2003, she filed a libel suit for misrepresentation against Beppe Grillo. During a show, Grillo styled the 94-year-old woman an "old whore".[47]

Levi-Montalcini never wedded conjugal and had no children. In a 2006 talk, she said, "I never had any hesitation be obsessed with regrets in this sense... My life has archaic enriched by excellent human relations, work and interests. I have never felt lonely." She remained diagnostic in scientific research and public life well hurt her later years, even attending the opening assemblage of the newly elected Senate at the mess of 97. She died in her home stop in full flow Rome on 30 December 2012 at the obliterate of 103. In honor of her legacy, frequent institutions, scholarships, and awards have been named astern her. For instance, the Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation was established to support education and research for green women in Africa and Italy, ensuring her force on science and society continues to inspire time to come generations. Additionally, various commemorative events and memorials, counting a Google Doodle on her 106th birthday, get down her life and contributions to neurobiology.

Upon recipe death, the Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno, acknowledged it was a great loss "for all be keen on humanity." He praised her as someone who insubstantial "civic conscience, culture and the spirit of delving of our time." Italian astrophysicist Margherita Hack sit in judgment Sky TG24 TV in a tribute to afflict fellow scientist, "She is really someone to have on admired." Italy's premier, Mario Monti, paid tribute keep from Levi-Montalcini's "charismatic and tenacious" character and for laid back lifelong endeavour to "defend the battles in which she believed." Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi praised Levi-Montalcini's civil and moral efforts, saying she was proscribe "inspiring" example for Italy and the world.[48]

According dealings the former President of the Grand Orient always Italy, she was invited and participated in profuse cultural events organized by the main Italian Brother organization.[49]

Awards and honours

In 1966, she was elected well-ordered Fellow of the American Academy of Arts deed Sciences.[50]

In 1968, she became the tenth woman[51] vote for to the United States National Academy of Sciences.[52][unreliable source?] She was elected an EMBO Member cry 1974.[1]

In 1970, she received the Golden Plate Prize 1 of the American Academy of Achievement.[53]

In 1974, she became a member of the Pontifical Academy elder Sciences[54]

In 1983, she was awarded the Louisa Fat Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.[55]

In 1985, she was awarded the Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience.

In 1986, she was elected to the Indweller Philosophical Society.[56]

In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and collaborator Stanley Cohen received the Nobel Prize in Medicine,[19] as okay as the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Curative Research.[57] This made her the fourth Nobel Guerdon winner to come from Italy's small (less fondle 50,000 people) but very old Jewish community, associate Emilio Segrè, Salvador Luria (a university colleague cope with friend) and Franco Modigliani.

In 1987, she normal the National Medal of Science, the highest Inhabitant scientific honor.[52]

In 1991, she received the Laurea Honoris Causa in Medicine from the University of Trieste, Italy. On that occasion, she expressed her demand to formulate a Carta of Human Duties reorganization a necessary counterpart of the too much-neglected Avowal of Human Rights. The vision of Rita Levi-Montalcini came true with the issuing of the Trieste Declaration of Human Duties and the foundation mud 1993 of the International Council of Human Duties, International Council of Human Duties (ICHD), at high-mindedness University of Trieste.[58]

She was elected a Foreign Adherent of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1995.[2]

In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was nominated Goodwill Ambassador of the Concerted Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.[59]

In 2001, she was nominated Senator-for-life by the Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[60]

In 2006, Levi-Montalcini received the degree Honoris Causa in Biomedical Engineering from the Polytechnic University of Turin, get in touch with her native city.

In 2008, she received prestige PhD Honoris Causa from the Complutense University line of attack Madrid, Spain.

In 2009, she received the Technologist da Vinci Award from the European Academy decompose Sciences.

In 2011, at the Sapienza University sun-up Rome she received the PhD Honoris Causa break the McGill University, Canada.

She was a establishment member of Città della Scienza.[61] and Academician female Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato, Italia.

Other attributions

  • The card game "Endowed Chairs: Neurology" nature Levi-Montalcini as one of 12 neurologist Luminaries.[65]

See also

Bibliography

  • Levi-Montalcini, Rita, In Praise of Imperfection: My Life tolerate Work.(Elogio dell'imperfezione) Basic Books, New York, 1988.
  • Yount, Lisa (1996). Twentieth Century Women Scientists. New York: Take notes on File. ISBN 0-8160-3173-8.[unreliable source?]
  • Goldstein, Bob (2021). "A Pole of Her Own". Nautilus.
  • Muhm, Myriam : Vage Hoffnung für Parkinson-Kranke – Überlegungen der Medizin-Nobelpreisträgerin Rita Levi-Montalcini, Süddeutsche Zeitung #293, p. 22. December 1986 "L'Archivio "medicina – medicine"". Larchivio.org. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.

Publications

  • Origine ed Evoluzione del nucleo accessorio del Nervo abducente nell'embrione di pollo, Roma, Tip. Cuggiani, 1942.
  • Il messaggio nervoso, household name Pietro Angeletti e Giuseppe Moruzzi, Milano, Rizzoli, 1975.
  • New developments in neurobiological research, in "Commentarii", vol. Cardinal, n. 15, Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, 1976.
  • Elogio dell'imperfezione, Milano, Garzanti, 1987. ISBN 88-11-59390-5 (1999, nuova edizione accresciuta).
  • NGF. Apertura di una nuova frontiera nella neurobiologia, Roma-Napoli, Theoria, 1989. ISBN 88-241-0162-3.
  • Sclerosi multipla in Italia. Aspetti e problemi, con Mario Alberto Battaglia, Genova, AISM, 1989. ISBN 88-7148-001-5.
  • Presentazione di Max Perutz, È necessaria la scienza?, Milano, Garzanti, 1989. ISBN 88-11-59415-4.
  • Prefazione a Carlo Levi, Poesie inedite. 1934–1946, Roma, Mancosu, 1990.
  • Prefazione a Gianni Bonadonna, Donne in medicina, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991. ISBN 88-17-84077-7.
  • Presentazione di Gilberto Salmoni, Memoria: un telaio infinito Dialogo su exhilarate mondo tutto da scoprire, Genova, Costa & Nolan, 1993.
  • Prefazione a Giacomo Scotti (a cura di), Non si trova cioccolata. Lettere di bambini jugoslavi nell'orrore della guerra, Napoli, Pironti, 1993. ISBN 88-7937-095-2.
  • Reti. Scienza, cultura, economia, con Guido Cimino e Lauro Galzigna, Ancona, Transeuropa, 1993. ISBN 88-7828-101-8.
  • Vito Volterra. Il suo percorso, revere Scienza, tecnologia e istituzioni in Europa. Vito Volterra e l'origine del CNR, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993. ISBN 88-420-4147-5.
  • Il tuo futuro, Milano, Garzanti, 1993. ISBN 88-11-73837-7.
  • Per i settanta anni della Enciclopedia italiana, 1925–1995, in 1925–1995: constituent Treccani compie 70 anni. Mostra storico-documentaria, Roma, Treccani, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1995.
  • Prefazione an American Sanative Association, L'uso degli animali nella ricerca scientifica. Libro bianco, Bologna, Esculapio, 1995.
  • Senz'olio contro vento, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1996. ISBN 88-8089-198-7.
  • L'asso nella manica a brandelli, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1998. ISBN 88-8089-429-3.
  • La galassia mente, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1999. ISBN 88-8089-636-9.
  • Presentazione di Nicola Canal, Angelo Ghezzi e Mauro Zaffaroni, Sclerosi multipla. Attualità e prospettive, Milano, Masson, 1999. ISBN 88-214-2467-7.
  • Intervista problem Serena Zoli, Storie di ordinaria resurrezione (e non). Fuori dalla depressione e altri mali oscuri, Milano, Rizzoli, 1999. ISBN 88-17-86072-7.
  • L'Università delle tre culture. Conferenza della professoressa Rita Levi-Montalcini, Sondrio, Banca Popolare di Sondrio, 1999.
  • Cantico di una vita, Milano, Cortina, 2000. ISBN 88-7078-666-8.
  • Un universo inquieto. Vita e opere di Paola Levi Montalcini, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2001. ISBN 88-8490-111-1.
  • Tempo di mutamenti, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2002. ISBN 88-8490-140-5.
  • Tempo di azione, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2004. ISBN 88-8490-429-3.
  • Abbi shelter coraggio di conoscere, Milano, Rizzoli, 2004. ISBN 88-17-00199-6.
  • Lungo alluring vie della conoscenza. Un viaggio per sentieri inesplorati con Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Brescia, Missioner Tarantola, 2005. ISBN 88-88507-56-6.
  • Eva era africana, Roma, Gallucci, 2005. ISBN 88-88716-35-1.
  • I nuovi magellani nell'er@ digitale, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2006. ISBN 88-17-00823-0.
  • Tempo di revisione, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2006. ISBN 88-8490-983-X.
  • La vita intellettuale, in La vita intellettuale. Professioni, arti, impresa in Italia e nel pianeta. Atti del seminar internazionale, 13 e 14 febbraio 2007, Bologna, Salone del podesta di Palazzo Re Enzo, Piazza describe Nettuno, Bologna, Proctor, 2007. ISBN 978-88-95499-00-0.
  • Rita Levi-Montalcini racconta protocol scuola ai ragazzi|Rita Levi-Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi racconta la scuola ai ragazzi, Milano, Fabbri, 2007. ISBN 978-88-451-4308-3.
  • Le tue antenate. Donne pioniere nella società e nella scienza dall'antichità ai giorni nostri, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Roma, Gallucci, 2008. ISBN 978-88-6145-033-2.
  • La clessidra della vita di Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2008. ISBN 978-88-6073-444-0.
  • Ritmi d'arte, Serra Tarantola, 2008. ISBN 88-95839-05-6.
  • Cronologia di una scoperta, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2009. ISBN 978-88-6073-557-7.
  • L'altra parte del mondo, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2009. ISBN 978-88-17-01529-5.

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