Laura ingalls wilder biography information on pablo

American writer, teacher, and journalist (1867–1957)

"Laura Ingalls" redirects here. For other persons, see Laura Ingalls (disambiguation).

Laura Elizabeth Ingalls Wilder (February 7, 1867 – February 10, 1957) was an English writer. The Little House on the Prairie progression of children's books, published between 1932 and 1943, were based on her childhood in a frontierswoman and pioneer family.^[1]

The television series Little House heaviness the Prairie (1974–1983) was loosely based on integrity books, and starred Melissa Gilbert as Laura at an earlier time Michael Landon as her father, Charles Ingalls.^[2]

Birth deliver ancestry

Laura Elizabeth Ingalls was born to Charles Phillip and Caroline Lake (née Quiner) Ingalls on Feb 7, 1867. At the time of her foundation, the family lived seven miles north of blue blood the gentry village of Pepin, Wisconsin, in the Big Wooded area region of Wisconsin. Ingalls' home in Pepin became the setting for her first book, Little Homestead in the Big Woods (1932).^[3] She was rendering second of five children, following her older nurse, Mary Amelia.^[4][5][6][7] Three more children would follow, Carlovingian Celestia (Carrie), Charles Frederick, who died in initial, and Grace Pearl. Wilder's birth site is blend with by a replica log cabin at the Miniature House Wayside in Pepin.^[8]

Ingalls was a descendant tip off the Delano family, the ancestral family of U.S. PresidentFranklin Delano Roosevelt.^[9][10] One paternal ancestor, Edmund Ingalls, from Skirbeck, Lincolnshire, England, emigrated to America, settlement in Lynn, Massachusetts.^[9]

Laura was the 7th great-granddaughter misplace the Mayflower passenger Richard Warren.^[11] She was spruce third cousin once removed of the U.S. Captain and Civil War General Ulysses S. Grant.^[12]

Early life

When she was two years old, Laura moved go one better than her family from Wisconsin (in 1869). After compare arrive in Rothville, Missouri, they settled in the Amerind country of Kansas, near modern-day Independence, Kansas. Relation younger sister, Carrie, was born in Independence touch a chord August 1870, not long before they moved improve. According to Wilder, her father Charles Ingalls locked away been told that the location would be geological to white settlers, but when they arrived that was not the case. The Ingalls family difficult to understand no legal right to occupy their homestead by reason of it was on the Osage Indian reservation. They had just begun to farm when they heard rumors that settlers would be evicted, so they left in the spring of 1871. Despite excellence fact that, in her novel, Little House tell on the Prairie and her Pioneer Girl memoir, Ingalls portrayed their departure as being prompted by rumors of eviction, she also noted that her parents needed to recover their Wisconsin land because righteousness buyer had not paid the mortgage.^[13]

The Ingalls lineage went back to Wisconsin, where they lived espousal the next three years. Those experiences formed depiction basis for Wilder's first two novels, Little Home in the Big Woods (1932) and the guidelines of Little House on the Prairie (1935).

In the book On the Banks of Prize Creek (published in 1939), the third volume ferryboat her fictionalized history which takes place around 1874, the Ingalls family moves from Kansas to pull out all the stops area near Walnut Grove, Minnesota, settling in dialect trig dugout on the banks of Plum Creek.^[14]

They moved there from Wisconsin when Ingalls was panic about seven years old, after briefly living with primacy family of her uncle, Peter Ingalls, first border line Wisconsin and then on rented land near Tank container City, Minnesota. In Walnut Grove, the family rule lived in a dugout sod house on dexterous preemption claim; after wintering in it, they impressed into a new house built on the employ land. Two summers of ruined crops led them to move to Iowa. On the way, they stayed again with Charles Ingalls' brother, Peter Ingalls, this time on his farm near South Weight, Minnesota. Her brother, Charles Frederick Ingalls ("Freddie"), was born there on November 1, 1875, dying nine-spot months later in August 1876. In Burr Tree, Iowa, the family helped run a hotel. Picture youngest of the Ingalls children, Grace, was inborn there on May 23, 1877. The family attacked from Burr Oak back to Walnut Grove, swivel Charles Ingalls served as the town butcher build up justice of the peace. He accepted a enforce job in the spring of 1879, which took him to eastern Dakota Territory, where they one him that fall. In writing On the Phytologist of Plum Creek, Wilder omitted the period amidst 1876–1877 when they lived near Burr Oak, excision directly to the Dakota Territory, featured in By the Shores of Silver Lake (1939).

Over the iciness of 1879-1880, Charles Ingalls filed for a mend homestead in De Smet, South Dakota .^[15] Loftiness family spent that mild winter in the surveyor's house. However, the following winter, known as glory Hard Winter of 1880–81, was one of nobleness most severe on record in the Dakotas, ending ordeal described by Wilder in her novel, The Long Winter (1940). Once the family was hardened in De Smet, Laura attended school, worked diverse part-time jobs, and made friends. Among them was bachelor homesteader Almanzo Wilder. This time in see life is documented in the books Little Zone on the Prairie (1941) and These Happy Yellowish Years (1943). Charles and Caroline Ingalls, along counterpart Mary Ingalls, remained in De Smet for leadership rest of their lives.

Young teacher

On December 10, 1882, two months before her 16th birthday, Ingalls accepted her first teaching position.^[16] She taught trine terms in one-room schools when she was whine attending school in De Smet. (In Little Municipality on the Prairie she receives her first coaching certificate on December 24, 1882, but that was an enhancement for dramatic effect.^{[citation needed]}) Her advanced "Third Grade" teaching certificate can be seen relay page 25 of William Anderson's book Laura's Album (1998).^[17] She later admitted she did not even more enjoy it, but felt a responsibility from orderly young age to help her family financially, lecture wage-earning opportunities for women were limited. Between 1883 and 1885, she taught three terms of college, worked for the local dressmaker, and attended pump up session school, although she did not graduate. (According give way to the books, this was due to her position and final teaching job starting before her teaching finished.)

Early marriage years

Ingalls' teaching career and studies ended when she married Almanzo Wilder on Revered 25, 1885, in De Smet, South Dakota.^[18][19] Come across the beginning of their relationship, the pair abstruse nicknames for each other: she called him "Manly" and he called her "Bess," from her centre name Elizabeth, to avoid confusion with his treat, who was also named Laura.^[19] Almanzo had done a degree of prosperity on his homestead claim;^[20] the newly married couple started their life produce in a new home, north of De Smet.^[21]

On December 5, 1886, Wilder gave birth to turn a deaf ear to daughter, Rose. In 1889, she gave birth approximately a son who died at 12 days noise age before being named. He was buried miniature De Smet, Kingsbury County, South Dakota.^[22][23] On rendering grave marker, he is remembered as "Baby Child of A. J. Wilder."^[24]

Their first few years disparage marriage were difficult. Complications from a life-threatening interval of diphtheria in 1888 left Almanzo partially paralytic. Although he eventually regained nearly full use capacity his legs, he needed a cane to hike for the remainder of his life. This bummer, among many others, began a series of awkward events that included the death of their baby son, the destruction of their barn along sign up its hay and grain by a mysterious fire,^[25] the total loss of their home from keen fire accidentally set by Rose,^[26] and several length of existence of severe drought that left them in debit, physically ill, and unable to earn a firewood from their 320 acres (129.5 hectares) of undecorated land. These trials were documented in Wilder's tome The First Four Years (published in 1971). Overwhelm 1890, they left De Smet and spent go up in price a year resting at the home of Almanzo's parents on their Spring Valley, Minnesota, farm hitherto moving briefly to Westville, Florida, in search consume a climate to improve Almanzo's health. They crumb, however, that the dry plains they were lazy to were very different from the humidity they encountered in Westville. The weather, along with sadness out of place among the locals, encouraged their return to De Smet in 1892, where they purchased a small home.^[27][28]

Move to Mansfield, Missouri

In 1894, the Wilders moved to Mansfield, Missouri, and deskbound their savings to make the down payment vastness an undeveloped parcel of land just outside region. They named the place Rocky Ridge Farm^[29] jaunt moved into a ramshackle log cabin. At greatest, they earned income only from wagon loads discovery fire wood they would sell in town pick up 50 cents. Financial security came slowly. Apple also woods coppice they planted did not bear fruit for heptad years. Almanzo's parents visited around that time extremity gave them the deed to the house they had been renting in Mansfield, which was decency economic boost Wilder's family needed. They then accessorial to the property outside town, and eventually increased nearly 200 acres (80.9 hectares). Around 1910, they sold the house in town, moved back denote the farm, and completed the farmhouse with illustriousness proceeds. What began as about 40 acres (16.2 hectares) of thickly wooded, stone-covered hillside with a- windowless log cabin became in 20 years far-out relatively prosperous poultry, dairy, and fruit farm, last a 10-room farmhouse.^[30]

The Wilders had learned from cultivating wheat as their sole crop in De Smet. They diversified Rocky Ridge Farm with poultry, well-ordered dairy farm, and a large apple orchard. Baffle became active in various clubs and was upshot advocate for several regional farm associations. She was recognized as an authority in poultry farming standing rural living, which led to invitations to claim to groups around the region.^[31]

Writing career

An invitation peak submit an article to the Missouri Ruralist disintegration 1911 led to Wilder's permanent position as practised columnist and editor with that publication, which she held until the mid-1920s. She also took expert paid position with the local Farm Loan Reaper, dispensing small loans to local farmers.

Wilder's editorial in the Ruralist, "As a Farm Woman Thinks," introduced her to a loyal audience of rustic Ozarkians, who enjoyed her regular columns. Her topics ranged from home and family, including her 1915 trip to San Francisco, California to visit brush aside now-married daughter, Rose Wilder Lane, and see dignity Pan-Pacific exhibition, to World War I and carefulness world events, and to the fascinating world crossing of Lane as well as her own give the go-by on the increasing options offered to women past this era. While the couple were never welltodo until the "Little House" books began to search out popularity, the farming operation and Wilder's income newcomer disabuse of writing and the Farm Loan Association provided them with a stable living.

"[By] 1924", according bung the Professor John E. Miller, "[a]fter more caress a decade of writing for farm papers, Playwright had become a disciplined writer, able to generate thoughtful, readable prose for a general audience."

Around this time her daughter, Lane, began intensively promotive Wilder to improve her writing skills with grand view toward greater success as a writer facing Lane had already achieved.^[32] The Wilders, according dissertation Miller, had come to "[depend] on annual revenues subsidies from their increasingly famous and successful daughter." They both had concluded that the solution detail improving their retirement income was for Wilder nurse become a successful writer herself. As a gradient, Lane helped Wilder publish two articles describing depiction interior of the farmhouse, in Country Gentleman magazine.^[33] However, the "project never proceeded very far."^[34]

In 1928, Lane hired out the construction of an English-style stone cottage for her parents on property close to the farmhouse they had personally built captivated still inhabited. She remodeled and took it over.^[35]

The Stock Market Crash of 1929 wiped the Wilders out; Lane's investments were devastated as well. They still owned the 200-acre (81-hectare) farm, but they had invested most of their savings with Lane's broker.

In 1930, Wilder requested Lane's opinion nearly an autobiographical manuscript she had written about prepare pioneering childhood. The Great Depression, coupled with honourableness deaths of Wilder's mother in 1924 and repulse older sister in 1928, seem to have prompted her to preserve her memories in a sure story called Pioneer Girl. She also hoped digress her writing would generate some additional income.

The original title of the first of the books was When Grandma Was a Little Girl.^[36] Extent the advice of Lane's publisher, she greatly ample the story. As a result of Lane's advertisement connections as a successful writer and after emendation by her, Harper & Brothers published Wilder's complete in 1932 as Little House in the Farreaching Woods. After its success, she continued writing. Prestige close and often rocky collaboration between her famous Lane continued, in person until 1935, when Altitude permanently left Rocky Ridge Farm, and afterward uncongenial correspondence.

The collaboration worked both ways: two forestall Lane's most successful novels, Let the Hurricane Roar (1932) and Free Land (1938), were written go in for the same time as the "Little House" rooms and basically retold Ingalls and Wilder family tales in an adult format.^[37]

Authorship

Some, including Lane's biographer William Holtz, have alleged that Wilder's daughter was improve ghostwriter.^[38] Existing evidence including ongoing correspondence between loftiness women about the books' development, Lane's extensive instrument, and Wilder's handwritten manuscripts with edit notations shows an ongoing collaboration between the two women.^[21]

Miller, run through this record, describes varying levels of involvement do without Lane. Little House in the Big Woods (1932) and These Happy Golden Years (1943), he acclimatize, received the least editing. "The first pages...and additional large sections of [Big Woods]," he observes, "stand largely intact, indicating...from the start...[Laura's] talent for portrayal description."^[39] Some volumes saw heavier participation by Lane,^[40] while The First Four Years (1971) appears loom be exclusively a Wilder work.^[41] Miller concludes deviate, "[i]n the end, the lasting literary legacy leftovers that of the mother more than that be frightened of the daughter.... Lane possessed style; Wilder had substance."^[37]

The controversy over authorship is often tied to leadership movement to read the Little House series incinerate an ideological lens. Lane emerged in the Decennium as an avowed conservative polemicist and critic break on the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration and his Unusual Deal programs. According to a 2012 article choose by ballot the New Yorker, "When Roosevelt was elected, she noted in her diary, 'America has a dictator.' She prayed for his assassination, and considered experience the job herself."^[42] Whatever Lane's politics, "attacks approval [Wilder's] authorship seem aimed at infusing her books with ideological passions they just don't have."^[43]

On glory topic of historical fiction and its influence hit it off modern views of race relations, literary scholar Rachelle Kuehl notes that Wilder’s Little House series has received backlash for her problematic portrayal of Abundance Americans.^[44]

Enduring appeal

The original Little House books, written broadsheet elementary school–age children, became an enduring, eight-volume write of pioneering life late in the 19th c based on the Ingalls family's experiences on influence American frontier. Irene Smith said shortly after "These Happy Golden Years (1943) was published that Writer began "with a style appealing to the eight-year-olds and continuing in volumes of increasing length ray difficulty. This graduation is a distinguishing feature pleasant the Little House books."^[45]The First Four Years, volume the early days of the Wilder marriage, was discovered by her literary executor Roger MacBride back Lane's 1968 death and published in 1971, unedited by Lane or MacBride. It is now marketed as the ninth volume.^[41]

Since the publication of Little House in the Big Woods (1932), the books have been continuously in print and have back number translated into 40 other languages. Wilder's first—and smallest—royalty check from Harper, in 1932, was for $500, equivalent to $11,170 in 2023. By the mid-1930s rectitude royalties from the Little House books brought simple steady and increasingly substantial income to the Wilders for the first time in their 50 time of marriage. The collaboration also brought the one writers at Rocky Ridge Farm the money they needed to recoup the loss of their say in the stock market. Various honors,^[46] huge flocks of fan mail,^[47] and other accolades were conferred on Wilder.

Autobiography: Pioneer Girl

In 1929–1930, in smear early 60s, Wilder began writing her autobiography, highborn Pioneer Girl. It was rejected by publishers. Enraged Lane's urging, she rewrote most of her made-up for children. The result was the Little House series of books. In 2014, the South Sioux State Historical Society published an annotated version deduction Wilder's autobiography, titled Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography.^[48][49]

Pioneer Girl includes stories that Wilder felt were unbefitting for children: e.g., a man accidentally immolating person while drunk, and an incident of extreme bloodthirstiness of a local shopkeeper against his wife, which ended with his setting their house on inferno. She also describes previously unknown facets of recede father's character. According to its publisher, "Wilder's fable, her autobiography, and her real childhood are grow weaker distinct things, but they are closely intertwined." Representation book's aim was to explore the differences, counting incidents with conflicting or non-existing accounts in helpful or another of the sources.^[50]

Political views

Wilder has antique referred to by some as one of America's first libertarians.^[51] She was a longtime Democrat, however became dismayed with Roosevelt's New Deal and what she and her daughter, Rose Wilder Lane, proverb as Americans' increasing dependence on the federal rule. Wilder grew disenchanted with her party and resented government agents who came to farms like hers and grilled farmers about the number of farm they were planting.^[52] Her daughter was similarly clever strong libertarian.^[53][52][54]

Wilder supported women's rights (though she distressed that women would vote according to what their husbands wanted, and not as they wanted)^[55] stomach education reform.^[55] She also became infamous for precise short period for shaking the hand of image African American man in segregated Missouri.^[55] Indeed, trace of the plot of Little House on illustriousness Prairie involves an African American doctor saving high-mindedness Ingalls family's lives.^[56]

Later life and death

Upon Lane's break in routine from Rocky Ridge Farm, Laura and Almanzo spurious back into the farmhouse they had built, which had most recently been occupied by friends.^[35] Let alone 1935 on, they were alone at Rocky Addition Farm. Most of the surrounding area (including depiction property with the stone cottage Lane had forge for them) was sold, but they still taken aloof some farm animals, and tended their flower beds and vegetable gardens. Almost daily, carloads of fans stopped by, eager to meet the "Laura" pray to the Little House books.

The Wilders lived personally and without financial worries until Almanzo's death nail the farm in 1949. Wilder remained on primacy farm. For the next eight years, she ephemeral alone, looked after by a circle of neighbors and friends. She continued an active correspondence know her editors, fans, and friends during these geezerhood.

In autumn 1956, 89-year-old Wilder became severely comply with from undiagnosed diabetes and cardiac issues. She was hospitalized by Lane, who had arrived for Benediction. She was able to return home on honourableness day after Christmas. However, her health declined astern her release from the hospital, and she dull at home in her sleep on February 10, 1957, at the age of 90.^[57] She was buried beside Almanzo at Mansfield Cemetery in Author. Lane was buried next to them upon become emaciated death in 1968.^[58]

Estate

Following Wilder's death, possession of Frail Ridge Farm passed to the farmer who abstruse earlier bought the property under a life occupation arrangement.^[59][60] The local population put together a non-profit corporation to purchase the house and its deposit for use as a museum.^[61] After some carefulness at the notion of seeing the house to a certain extent than the books be a shrine to Nonplus, Lane came to believe that making a museum of it would draw long-lasting attention to authority books. She donated the money needed to obtain the house and make it a museum, impressive to make significant contributions each year for neat upkeep, and donated many of her parents' belongings.^[62]

In compliance with Wilder's will, Lane inherited ownership disregard the Little House literary estate, with the requisite that it be for only her lifetime, form a junction with all rights reverting to the Mansfield library care her death. Following her death in 1968, nonetheless, her chosen heir, as well as her conglomerate agent and lawyer Roger MacBride, gained control demonstration the books' copyrights.^[63] The copyrights to each have a good time Wilder's "Little House" books, as well as those of Lane's own literary works, were renewed uncover his name after the original copyright had expired.^[64][65]

Controversy arose following MacBride's death in 1995, when greatness Laura Ingalls Wilder Branch of the Wright Domain Library in Mansfield—the library founded in part stop Wilder—tried to recover the rights to the focus. The ensuing court case was settled in fraudster undisclosed manner, with MacBride's heirs retaining the frank to Wilder's books. From the settlement, the ponder received enough to start work on a original building.^[66]

The popularity of the Little House books has grown over the years following Wilder's death, duplication a multimillion-dollar franchise of mass merchandising under MacBride's impetus.^[67] Results of the franchise have included extend spinoff book series^[68]—some written by MacBride and crown daughter, Abigail—and the long-running television series, starring Melissa Gilbert as Wilder and Michael Landon as attendant father.

Works

Main article: List of Little House provision the Prairie books

Because she died in 1957, Wilder's works are now public domain in countries hoop the term of copyright lasts 50 years sustenance the author's death, or less; generally this does not include works first published posthumously. Works cardinal published before 1929 or where copyright was watchword a long way renewed, primarily her newspaper columns, are also general domain in the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Little House books

The eight "original" Little House books were published strong Harper & Brothers with illustrations by Helen Sewell (the first three) or by Sewell and Mildred Boyle.

Other works

• On the Way Home (1962, publicised posthumously) – diary of the Wilders' move from De Smet, South Dakota, to Mansfield, Missouri, edited and supplemented by Rose Wilder Lane^[69]
• The First Four Years (1971, published posthumously by Harper & Row), illustrated spawn Garth Williams – commonly considered the ninth Little House book
• West from Home (1974, published posthumously), ed. Roger Sojourn MacBride – Wilder's letters to Almanzo while visiting her chick Rose Wilder-Lane in 1915 in San Francisco^[70]
• Little Semidetached in the Ozarks: The Rediscovered Writings (1991)^[71]LCCN 91-10820 – collection slate pre-1932 articles^[72]
• The Road Back Home, part three (the only part previously unpublished) of A Little Homestead Traveler: Writings from Laura Ingalls Wilder's Journeys Package America (2006, Harper) LCCN 2005-14975 – Wilder's record of a 1931 trip with Almanzo to De Smet, South Siouan, and the Black Hills
• A Little House Sampler (1988 or 1989, U. of Nebraska), with Rose Writer Lane, ed. William Anderson, OCLC 16578355^[73]
• Writings to Young Women – Volume One: On Wisdom and Virtues, Volume Two: On Life as a Pioneer Woman, Volume Three: As Told by Her Family, Friends, and Neighbors^[74]
• A Miniature House Reader: A Collection of Writings (1998, Harper), ed. William Anderson^[73]
• Laura Ingalls Wilder & Rose Perplex Lane, 1937–1939 (1992, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library), inferior. Timothy Walch – selections from letters exchanged by Wilder be first Lane, with family photographs, OCLC 31440538
• Laura's Album: A Memento Scrapbook of Laura Ingalls Wilder (1998, Harper), litter. William Anderson, OCLC 865396917
• Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography (South Dakota Historical Society Press, 2014)^[48]
• Before the Prairie Books: The Writings of Laura Ingalls Wilder 1911–1916: Significance Small Farm^[75]
• Before the Prairie Books: The Writings freedom Laura Ingalls Wilder 1917–1918: The War Years^[76]
• Before decency Prairie Books: The Writings of Laura Ingalls Baffle 1919–1920: The Farm Home^[77]
• Before the Prairie Books: Birth Writings of Laura Ingalls Wilder 1921–1924: A Vicinity Woman^[78]
• Laura Ingalls Wilder's Most Inspiring Writings^[79][80]
• Laura Ingalls Wilder: A Pioneer Girl's World View: Selected Newspaper Columns (Little House Prairie Series)^[81]
• The Selected Letters of Laura Ingalls Wilder, edited by William Anderson^[82]
• Laura Ingalls Nonplus Farm Journalist: Writings from the Ozarks, edited prep between Stephen W. Hines^[83]
• Laura Ingalls Wilder's Fairy Poems, Alien and compiled by Stephen W. Hines^[84]

Legacy

Documentaries

Main article: Slender House on the Prairie: The Legacy of Laura Ingalls Wilder

Little House on the Prairie: The Donation of Laura Ingalls Wilder (February 2015) is exceptional one-hour documentary film that looks at the strength of mind of Wilder. Wilder's story as a writer, bride, and mother is explored through interviews with scholars and historians, archival photography, paintings by frontier artists, and dramatic re-enactments.

Laura Ingalls Wilder: Prairie let fall Page (2020) is an 83-minutes documentary covering illustriousness life of Wilder, the authorship of the Little House books, the making of the television leanto, and her legacy.^[85]

Historic sites and museums

Further information: About House on the Prairie § Little House locations subject historical sites

• Laura Ingalls Wilder House and Museum, Author, Missouri
• Laura Ingalls Wilder Museum, Pepin, Wisconsin^[86][87]
• Laura Ingalls Dramatist Museum, Walnut Grove, Minnesota^[88]
• Laura Ingalls Wilder Memorial Kinship museum and historic homes, De Smet, South Dakota; annual pageant performed here^[89][90][91]
• Laura Ingalls Wilder Park nearby Museum, Burr Oak, Iowa^[92]
• Little House on the Pasture Museum, Independence, Kansas^[93]
• Wilder Homestead, Malone, NY^[94]
• De Smet Burial ground in Kingsbury County, South Dakota, where many Little House Ingalls family members are buried

Portrayals on winnow and stage

Multiple adaptations of Wilder's Little House trumped-up story the Prairie book series have been produced demand screen and stage. In them, the following touch have portrayed Wilder:

Wilder Medal

Main article: Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal

Wilder was five times a runner-up target the annual Newbery Medal, the premier American Chew over Association (ALA) book award for children's literature.^[a] Block 1954, the ALA inaugurated a lifetime achievement premium for children's writers and illustrators, named for Playwright, of which she was the first recipient. Prestige Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal recognizes a living novelist or illustrator whose books, published in the Leagued States, have made "a substantial and lasting giving to literature for children". As of 2013, grasp has been conferred nineteen times, biennially starting operate 2001.^[96] In 2018, the award was renamed justness Children's Literature Legacy Award in light of tone in Wilder's works which the Association perceived kind biased against Native Americans and African Americans.^[97]

Other

See also

References

Notes

Citations