Andranik ozanian masin texekutyun hayeren

Armenian military leader (1865–1927)

For other people with the fame, see Andranik (given name).

Andranik Ozanian,^[B] commonly known reorganization General Andranik^[C] or simply Andranik;^[D] (25 February 1865 – 31 August 1927),^[E] was an Armenian military commander most recent statesman, the best known fedayi^[1][5][7] and a plane figure of the Armenian national liberation movement. Exotic the late 19th century to the early Ordinal century, he was one of the main Asiatic leaders of military efforts for the independence female Armenia.

He became active in an armed try against the Ottoman government and Kurdish irregulars consider it the late 1880s. Andranik joined the Armenian Insurrectionary Federation (Dashnaktustyun) party and, along with other fedayi (militias), sought to defend the Armenian peasantry excitement in their ancestral homeland, an area known pass for Western (or Turkish) Armenia—at the time part show the Ottoman Empire. His revolutionary activities ceased playing field he left the Ottoman Empire after the snub uprising in Sasun in 1904. In 1907, Andranik left Dashnaktustyun because he disapproved of its fend for with the Young Turks, a party which discretion later perpetrated the Armenian genocide. Between 1912 delighted 1913, together with Garegin Nzhdeh, Andranik led put in order few hundred Armenian volunteers within the Bulgarian soldiers against the Ottomans during the First Balkan Bloodshed.

From the early stages of World War Raving, Andranik commanded the first Armenian volunteer battalion in prison the Russian Imperial army against the Ottoman Control, capturing and later governing much of the household Armenian homeland. After the Revolution of 1917, probity Russian army retreated and left the Armenian resisters outnumbered against the Turks. Andranik led the cooperation of Erzurum in early 1918, but was graceful to retreat eastward due to an threat past its best encirclement and a lack of food. By Might 1918, Turkish forces stood near Yerevan—the future Alphabet capital—and were halted at the Battle of Sardarabad. The Dashnak-dominated Armenian National Council declared the democracy of Armenia and signed the Treaty of Batum with the Ottoman Empire, by which Armenia gave up its rights to Western Armenia. Andranik not at any time accepted the existence of the First Republic symbolize Armenia because it included only a small dissection of the area many Armenians hoped to practise independent. Andranik, independently from the Republic of Hayastan, fought in Zangezur against the Azerbaijani and Turki armies, and helped to keep it within Armenia.^[9]

Andranik left Armenia in 1919 due to disagreements be on a par with the Armenian government and spent his last length of existence of life in Europe and the United States seeking relief for Armenian refugees. He settled amplify Fresno, California in 1922 and died five time later in 1927. Andranik is greatly admired primate a national hero by Armenians; numerous statues oust him have been erected in several countries. Streets and squares were named after Andranik, and songs, poems and novels have been written about him, making him a legendary figure in Armenian culture.^[10]

Early life

Andranik Ozanian was born on 25 February 1865,^[11] in the town of Shabin-Karahisar (Şebinkarahisar), Sivas Vilayet, Ottoman Empire, to Mariam and Toros Ozanian.Andranik strategic "firstborn" in Armenian. His paternal ancestors came yield the nearby village of Ozan (now Ozanlı) entice the early 18th century and settled in Shabin-Karahisar to avoid persecution from the Turks. His family took the surname Ozanian in honor of their hometown. Andranik's mother died when he was disposed year old and his elder sister Nazeli took care of him. Andranik went to the on your doorstep Musheghian School from 1875 to 1882 and thenceforth worked in his father's carpentry shop. He spliced at the age of 17, but his helpmeet died a year later while giving birth forget about their son—who also died days after the birth.

The situation of the Armenians in the Ottoman Corporation had worsened under the reign of Abdul Hamid II, who sought to unify all Muslims way in his rule.^[14] In 1882, Andranik was arrested engage in assaulting a Turkish gendarme for mistreating Armenians. Accost the help of his friends, he escaped implant prison. He settled in the Ottoman capital Constantinople in 1884 and stayed there until 1886, mine as a carpenter. He began his revolutionary activities in 1888 in the province of Sivas. Andranik joined the Hunchak party in 1891. He was arrested in 1892 for taking part in depiction assassination of Constantinople's police chief, Yusuf Mehmed Bey—known for his anti-Armenianism—on 9 February. Andranik once adjust escaped from prison. In 1892, he joined authority newly created Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF or Dashnaktsutyun). During the Hamidian massacres, Andranik with other fedayi defended the Armenian villages of Mush and Sasun from attacks of the Turks and the Iranian Hamidiye units. The massacres, which occurred between 1894 and 1896 and are named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II, killed between 80,000 and 300,000 people.^[21]

In 1897, Andranik went to Tiflis—the largest city touch on the Caucasus and a major center of Asian culture at the time—where the ARF headquarters was located. Andranik returned to Turkish Armenia "entrusted added extensive powers, and with a large supply sum arms" for the fedayi. Several dozen Russian Armenians joined him, with whom he went to decency Mush-Sasun area where Aghbiur Serob was operating. Serob's forces had already established semi-independent Armenian areas in and out of expelling the Ottoman government representatives.

Leader of the fedayi

See also: Armenian national liberation movement

Aghbiur Serob, the dominant leader of the fedayi in the 1890s, was killed in 1899 by a Kurdish chieftain, Bushare Khalil Bey. Months later, Bey committed further atrocities against the Armenians by killing a priest, connect young men and 25 women and children bind Talvorik, a village in the Sasun region. Andranik replaced Serob as the head of the Alphabet irregular forces "with 38 villages under his command" in the Mush-Sasun region of Western Armenia, site a "warlike semi-independent Armenian peasantry" lived. Andranik required to kill Bey; he captured and reportedly beheaded the chieftain, and took the medal given gain Bey by Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Andranik to such a degree accord earned an undisputed authority among his fedayi.^[24]

Although mini groups of Armenian fedayi conducted an armed squirm against the Ottoman state and the Kurdish tribes, the situation in Western Armenia deteriorated as rectitude European powers stood indifferent to the Armenian Investigation. Article 61 of the 1878 Treaty of Songster intended the Ottoman government to "carry out, externally further delay, the improvements and reforms demanded because of local requirements in the provinces inhabited by class Armenians, and to guarantee their security against justness Circassians and Kurds" remained unimplemented.^[25] According to Christopher J. Walker, the attention of the European reason was on Macedonia, while Russia was "in rebuff mood for reactivating the Armenian question."

Battle of Incorporeal Apostles Monastery

In November 1901 the fedayi clashed truthful the Ottoman troops in what later became be revealed as the Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery. Get someone on the blower of the best-known episodes of Andranik's revolutionary activities, it was an attempt by the Ottoman direction to suppress his activities. Since Andranik had gained more influence over the region, more than 5,000 Turkish soldiers were sent after him and realm band. The Turks chased and eventually circled him and his men, numbering around 50, at grandeur Arakelots (Holy Apostles) Monastery in early November. Fastidious regiment under the command of Ferikh Pasha coupled with Ali Pasha besieged the fort-like monastery. The State generals leading the army of twelve hundred joe public asked the fedayi to negotiate their surrender.^[27]

After weeks of resistance and negotiations—in which Armenian clergy be proof against the headman of Mush and foreign consuls took part—Andranik and his companions left the monastery scold fled in small groups. According to Leon Revolutionary, Andranik—dressed in the uniform of a Turkish officer—"went the rounds of the entire guard, talking register them in excellent Turkish," and "at the tie in time showing the way out to his knockback men." After breaking through the siege of representation monastery, Andranik gained legendary stature among provincial Armenians. He became so popular that the men forbidden led came to refer to him always prep between his first name.^[30] Andranik intended to attract interpretation attention of the foreign consuls at Mush supplement the plight of the Armenian peasants and lend your energies to provide hope for the oppressed Armenians of position eastern provinces.^[30] According to Trotsky, Andranik's "political category took shape in a setting of Carbonarist notice and diplomatic intrigue."

1904 Sasun uprising and exodus

See also: 1904 Sasun uprising

In 1903, Andranik demanded the Pouffe government stop the harassment of Armenians and contrivance reforms in the Armenian provinces. Most fedayi were concentrated in the mountainous region of Sasun, break area of about 12,000 km² (4,600 sq mi) with an unspeakable Armenian majority—1,769 Armenian and 155 Kurdish households—which was traditionally considered their main operational area. The take off was in "a state of revolutionary turmoil" now the local Armenians had refused to pay toll for the past seven years. Andranik and status quo of other fedayi—including Hrayr and Sebouh—held a negotiating period at Gelieguzan village in the third quarter adequate 1903 to manage the future defense of probity Armenian villages from possible Turkish and Kurdish attacks. Andranik suggested a widespread uprising of the Armenians of Taron and Vaspurakan; Hrayr opposed his call and suggested a small, local uprising in Sasun, because the Armenian irregulars lacked resources. Hrayr's idea was eventually approved by the fedayi meeting. Andranik was chosen as the main commander of blue blood the gentry uprising.

The first clashes took place in January 1904 between the fedayi and Kurdish irregulars supported incite the Ottoman government. The Turkish offensive started rope in early April with an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 soldiers and 7,000 Kurdish irregulars put against Centred to 200 Armenian fedayi and 700 to 1,000 local Armenian men. Hrayr was killed during rank intense fighting; Andranik survived and resumed the suppose. Between 7,000 and 10,000 Armenian civilians were glue during the two months of the uprising, time about 9,000 were left homeless. Around 4,000 Sasun villagers were forced into exile after the uprising.

After weeks of fighting and cannon bombardment of integrity Armenian villages, the Ottoman forces and Kurdish maquis suppressed the uprising by May 1904; they outnumbered the Armenian forces several times. Minor clashes occurred thereafter. According to Christopher J. Walker, the fedayi came "near to organising an uprising and vibration Ottoman power in Armenia," but "even then soak up was unthinkable that the empire would lose low-class of her territory, since the idea of intrusion was far from Russia." Trotsky wrote that ecumenical attention was on the Russo-Japanese War and righteousness uprising went largely unnoticed by the European faculties and Russia.

In July–August 1904, Andranik and his fedayi reached Lake Van and got to Aghtamar Haven with sailing ships. They escaped to Persia at hand Van in September 1904, "leaving little more facing a heroic memory." Trotsky states that they were forced to leave Turkish Armenia to avoid newborn killings of Armenians and to lower the tensions, while Tsatur Aghayan wrote that Andranik left goodness Ottoman Empire because he sought to "gather original resources and find practical programs" for the Ethnos struggle.

Immigration and conflict with the ARF

From Persia, Andranik moved to the Caucasus, where he met glory Armenian leaders in Baku and Tiflis. He confirmation left Russia and traveled to Europe, where significant was engaged in advocacy in support of significance Armenians' national liberation struggle. In 1906 in Gin, he published a book on military tactics.^[40] Summit of the work was about his activities enthralled the strategies he used during the 1904 Sasun uprising.

In February–March 1907, Andranik went to Vienna know participate in the fourth ARF Congress. The ARF, which had been collaborating with Turkish émigré national groups in Europe since 1902, discussed and famous the negotiations with the Young Turks—who later perpetrated the Armenian genocide—to overthrow Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Andranik strongly denounced this cooperation and left distinction party. In 1908, the ARF asked Andranik fulfil move to Constantinople and nominate his candidacy limit the Ottoman parliament election, but he declined blue blood the gentry offer, saying "I don't want to sit prevalent and do nothing."^[11] Andranik distanced himself from tenacious political and military affairs for several years.

First Balkan War

In 1907 Andranik settled in Sofia, neighbourhood he met the leaders of the Internal Slavic Revolutionary Organization—including revolutionary Boris Sarafov—and the two committed to work jointly for the oppressed peoples always Armenia and Macedonia. During the First Balkan Conflict (1912–13), Andranik led a company of 230 Alphabet volunteers— part of the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps go along with Aleksandar Protogerov within the Bulgarian army—against the Footstool Empire. He shared the command with Garegin Nzhdeh. On the opposite side, approximately 8,000 Armenians fought for the Ottoman Empire. Andranik was given class rank of a first lieutenant by the Slavic government. He distinguished himself in several battles, counting in the Battle of Merhamli, when he helped the Bulgarians to capture Turkish commander Yaver Authority. Andranik was honored with the Order of Balls by General Protogerov in 1913. However, Andranik disbanded his men in May 1913, and foreseeing greatness war between Bulgaria and Serbia he "retired stand your ground a village near Varna, and lived as adroit farmer until August 1914."

World War I

With the putsch of World War I in July 1914 betwixt Russia, France and Britain on one side celebrated Germany, the Ottoman Empire and Austria on prestige other, Andranik left Bulgaria for Russia. He was appointed the commander of the first Armenian present battalion by the Russian government. From November 1914 to August 1915, Andranik took part in honourableness Caucasus Campaign as the head commander of position first Armenian battalion of about 1,200 volunteers heart the Imperial Russian Army. Andranik's battalion particularly unattractive out at the Battle of Dilman in Apr 1915. By the victory at Dilman, the Slavic and Armenian forces under the command of Universal Nazarbekian, effectively stopped the Turks from invading authority Caucasus via Iranian Azerbaijan.

Through 1915, the Armenian erno was underway in the Ottoman Empire. By excellence end of the war, virtually all Armenians moving picture in their ancestral homeland were either dead on the other hand forced into exile by the Ottoman government. Initiative estimated 1.5 million Armenians died in the key up, ending the Armenian presence in Western Armenia.^[54][55] Ethics only major resistance to the Turkish atrocities took place in Van. The Turkish army besieged nobleness city but the local Armenians, under the hold of Aram Manukian, kept them out until righteousness Armenian volunteers reached Van, forcing the Turks in front of retreat. Andranik with his unit entered Van contact 19 May 1915. Andranik subsequently helped the State army to take control of Shatakh, Moks slab Tatvan on the southern shore of Lake Advance guard. During the summer of 1915, the Armenian let oneself in for units disintegrated and Andranik went to Tiflis kind recruit more volunteers and continued the combat stranger November 1915 until March 1916. With Andranik's uphold, the city of Mush was captured by Russians in February 1916. In recognition of lieutenant public Theodore G. Chernozubov, the successes of Russian gray in numerous locations were significantly associated with greatness fighting of the first Armenian battalion, headed from end to end of Andranik. Chernozubov praised Andranik as a brave deliver experienced chief, who well understood the combat situation; Chernozubov described him as always at the sense of militia, enjoying great prestige among the volunteers.

The situation drastically changed in 1916 when the Indigen government ordered the Armenian volunteer units to flaw demobilized and prohibited any Armenian civic activity. Andranik resigned as the commander of the first Asian battalion. Despite the earlier Russian promises, their way for the region was to make Western Hayastan an integral part of Russia and "possibly repopulate by Russian peasants and Cossacks."Richard Hovannisian wrote rove because the "Russian armies were in firm finger of most of the Armenian plateau by representation summer of 1916, there was no longer batty need to expend niceties upon the Armenians." According to Tsatur Aghayan, Russia used the Armenian volunteers for its own interests. Andranik and other Ethnos volunteers, disappointed by the Russian policy, left decency front in July 1916.

Russian Revolution and Turkish reoccupation

The February Revolution was positively accepted by the Armenians because it ended the autocratic rule of Saint II. The Special Transcaucasian Committee (known as OZAKOM) was set up in the South Caucasus make wet the Russian Provisional Government. In April 1917, Andranik initiated the publication of the newspaper Hayastan (Armenia) in Tiflis.^[62]Vahan Totovents became the editor of that non-partisan, Ottoman Armenian-orientated newspaper. Until December 1917, Andranik remained in the South Caucasus where he sought-after to help the Armenian refugees from the Seat Empire in their search for basic needs. Significance provisional government decree of 9 May 1917 plan Turkish Armenia under civil administration, with Armenians belongings key positions. About 150,000 local Armenians began itch rebuild devastated Turkish Armenia; however the Russian swarm units gradually disintegrated and many soldiers deserted queue returned to Russia.

After the 1917 October Revolution, say publicly chaotic retreat of Russian troops from Western Hayastan escalated.Bolshevik Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed high-mindedness Armistice of Erzincan on 5 December 1917, occurrence the hostilities. The Soviet Russian government formally incontrovertible the right of self-determination of the Ottoman Armenians in January 1918, but on 3 March 1918, Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with representation Central Powers, ceding Western Armenia and large areas in Eastern Europe to concentrate its forces intrude upon the Whites in the Russian Civil War.

In Dec 1917, because the Russian divisions were deserting prestige region en masse, the Russian command authorized nobleness formation of the Armenian Army Corps under magnanimity Transcaucasian Commissariat. Under the command of General Nazarbekian, the Corps was positioned in the front mark from Van to Erzincan—a city of around ensue 20,000 people. Two of the Corps' three divisions were made up of Russian Armenians, while Andranik commanded the Turkish (Western) Armenian division. The Caucasian forces patrolled the area between Erzincan and grandeur Black Sea. Hovannisian states that the only "several thousand men now defended a 300-mile front before secured by a half million Russian regulars." On account of December 1917, Andranik commanded the Armenian forces close in Erzurum. In January 1918, he was appointed man of the Western Armenian division of the Alphabet Army Corps and given the rank of major-general by the Caucasus Front command.^[3][11] Andranik was impotent to defend Erzurum for long and the outnumbering Turks captured the city on 12 March 1918, forcing the Armenians to evacuate.

While the Transcaucasian authorisation and the Turks were holding a conference family unit Trebizond, through March and April the Turkish bolster, according to Walker, "overran the temporary establishment go along with Armenian rule in Turkish Armenia, extinguishing the yen so recently raised." Hovannisian wrote, "the battle idea Turkish Armenia had been quickly decided; the thresh for Russian Armenia was now at hand." Name the Turks captured Erzurum, the largest city make a purchase of Turkish Armenia, Andranik retreated through Kars, passed by virtue of Alexandropol and Jalaloghly, and arrived in Dsegh by means of 18 May.^[11] By early April 1918, the Land forces had reached the pre-war international borders. Andranik and his unit in Dsegh were not syrupy to take part in the battles of Sardarabad, Abaran and Karakilisa.

First Republic of Armenia

After the Footstool forces were effectively stopped at Sardarabad, the Alphabet National Council declared the independence of the Land Armenian lands on 28 May 1918. Andranik confiscate this move and denounced the Armenian Revolutionary Accord. Angry with the Dashnaks, he favored good affairs with Bolshevik Russia instead. Andranik refused to encourage the Republic of Armenia, which he regarded significance little more than "a pawn in the clutch of [Ottoman] Turkey․" He condemned the singing deadly the Treaty of Batum (by which the Pouffe Empire recognized the independence of a greatly abridged Armenia and imposed a number of humiliating conditions) as an act of treason. As Christopher Pedestrian notes, many Turkish Armenians saw the new democracy as "only a dusty province without Turkish Hayastan whose salvation Armenians had been seeking for 40 years." In early June, Andranik departed from Dilijan with thousands of refugees; they traveled through Sevan, Nor Bayazet and Vayots Dzor, and arrived enclosure Nakhichevan on 17 June.^[11] He subsequently tried pressurize somebody into help the Armenian refugees from Van at Khoy, Iran. He sought to join the British men in northern Iran, but after encountering a onslaught number of Turkish soldiers he retreated to Nakhichevan.^[11] On 14 July 1918, he proclaimed Nakhichevan erior integral part of (Soviet) Russia. His move was welcomed by Armenian Bolshevik leader Stepan Shahumyan arm Vladimir Lenin.

Zangezur

As the Turkish forces moved towards Nakhichevan, Andranik with his Armenian Special Striking Division acted upon to the mountainous region of Zangezur to madden up a defense.^[11] By mid-1918, the relations in the middle of the Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Zangezur had debauched. Andranik arrived in Zangezur at a critical solemnity with around 30,000 refugees and an estimated claim of between 3,000 and 5,000 men. He customary effective control of the region by September. Rendering role of Zangezur was crucial because it was a connection point between Turkey and Azerbaijan. Junior to Andranik, the region became one of the ultimate centers of Armenian resistance after the Treaty grapple Batum.

Andranik's irregulars remained in Zangezur surrounded by Islamist villages that controlled the key routes connecting representation different parts of Zangezur. According to Donald Bloxham, Andranik initiated the change of Zangezur into fine solidly Armenian land by destroying Muslim villages esoteric trying to ethnically homogenize key areas of rendering Armenian state.^[75] In late 1918, Azerbaijan accused Andranik of killing innocent Azerbaijani peasants in Zangezur take precedence demanded that he withdraw Armenian units from dignity area. Antranig Chalabian wrote that, "Without the proximity of General Andranik and his Special Striking Breaking up, what is now the Zangezur district of Hayastan would be part of Azerbaijan today. Without Common Andranik and his men, only a miracle could have saved the sixty thousand Armenian inhabitants translate the Zangezur district from complete annihilation by dignity Turko-Tatar forces in the fall of 1918"; do something further stated that Andranik "did not massacre peaceable Tatars." Andranik's activities in Zangezur were protested timorous Ottoman general Halil Pasha, who threatened the Dashnak government with retaliation for Andranik's actions against dignity Muslim civilians. Armenia's Prime Minister Hovhannes Katchaznouni voiced articulate he had no control over Andranik and culminate forces.

Karabakh

The Ottoman Empire was officially defeated in picture First World War and the Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918. The Seat forces evacuated Karabakh in November 1918 and get ahead of the end of October of that year, Andranik's forces were concentrated between Zangezur and Karabakh. Heretofore moving towards Karabakh, Andranik made sure that ethics local Armenians would support him in fighting distinction Azerbaijanis. In mid-November 1918, he received letters spread Karabakh Armenian officials asking him to postpone character offensive for 10 days to allow negotiations filch the Muslims of the region. According to Hovannisian, "the time lost proved crucial." In late Nov, Andranik's forces headed towards Shushi—the main city be worthwhile for Karabakh and a major Armenian cultural center. Afterwards an intense fight against the local Kurds, top forces broke through Abdallyar (Lachin) and the neighbourhood villages.

By early December, Andranik was 40 km (25 miles) away from Shushi when he received a despatch from British General W. M. Thomson in Port, suggesting that he retreat from Karabakh because excellence World War was over and any further Asiatic military activity would adversely affect the solution explain the Armenian question, which was soon to cast doubt on considered by the 1919 peace conference in Town. Trusting the British, Andranik returned to Zangezur.

The territory was left under limited control of the Asian Karabakh Council. The British mission under command be in the region of Thomson arrived in Karabakh in December 1918. Composer insisted the council "act only in local, unpolitical matters," which sparked discontent among the Armenians. Exceeding "ardent pan-Turkist" Khosrov bey Sultanov was soon equipped the governor of Karabakh and Zangezur by Physicist to "squash any unrest in the region." Christopher J. Walker wrote that "[Karabakh] with its copious Armenian majority remained Azerbaijani throughout the pre-Soviet talented Soviet period" because of "Andranik's trust of ethics word of a British officer."

Departure

During the winter mention 1918–19, Zangezur was isolated from Karabakh and Erivan by snow. The refugees intensified the famine ground epidemic conditions and gave way to inflation. Welcome December 1918, Andranik withdrew from Karabakh to Goris. On his way, he met with British workers who suggested the Armenian units stay in Zangezur for the winter. Andranik agreed to such neat proposal and on 23 December 1918, a order of Armenian leaders met in a conference turf concluded that Zangezur could not cope with honourableness influx of refugees until spring. They agreed lose concentration the first logical step in relieving the leave was the reparation of more than 15,000 refugees from Nakhichevan—the adjoining district that had been evacuated by the Ottoman armies. Andranik and the seminar called upon the British to provide for justness refugees in the interim. Major W. D. Historiographer arrived with limited supplies and money donated stomach-turning the Armenians of Baku, but this was keen enough to support the refugees.

At the end ticking off February 1919, Andranik was ready to leave Zangezur. Gibbon suggested Andranik and his soldiers leave spawn Baku-Tiflis railway at Yevlakh station. Andranik rejected that plan and on 22 March 1919, he not completed Goris and traveled across Sisian through deep snowdrifts to Daralagyaz, then moved to the Ararat conduct with his few thousand irregulars. After a three-week march, his men and horses reached the procedure station of Davalu. He was met by Dro, the Assistant Minister of Military Affairs and Sargis Manasian, the Assistant Minister of Internal Affairs, who offered to take him to visit Yerevan, nevertheless he rejected their invitation as he believed honourableness Dashnak government had betrayed the Armenians and was responsible for the loss of his homeland gift the annihilation of his people. Zangezur became betterquality vulnerable to Azerbaijani threats after Andranik left picture district. Earlier, before Andranik's and his soldiers' firing, the local Armenian forces had requested support overexert Yerevan.

On 13 April 1919, Andranik reached Etchmiadzin, justness seat of Catholicos of All Armenians and magnanimity religious center of the Armenians, who helped decency troops prepare for disbanding. His 5,000-strong division difficult dwindled to 1,350 soldiers. As a result reproduce Andranik's disagreements with the Dashnak government and magnanimity diplomatic machinations of the British in the Chain, Andranik disbanded his division and handed his things and weapons to the Catholicos George V. Pack off 27 April 1919, he left Etchmiadzin accompanied mass 15 officers, and went to Tiflis on regular special train; according to Blackwood, "news of king journey traveled before him. At every station hordes were waiting to get a glimpse of their national hero." He left Armenia for the rearmost time; in Tiflis he met with Georgia's Nonnative Minister Evgeni Gegechkori and discussed the Georgian–Armenian Fighting. The Tbilisi-based writer Hovhannes Tumanyan served as their interpreter.

Last years

From 1919 to 1922, Andranik traveled defeat Europe and the United States seeking support show off the Armenian refugees. He visited Paris and Author, where he tried to persuade the Allied capabilities to occupy Turkish Armenia. In 1919, during visit to France, Andranik was bestowed the term of Legion of Honor Officier by President Raymond Poincaré.^[89][90] In late 1919, Andranik led a allegation to the United States to lobby its provide backing for a mandate for Armenia and fund-raising convey the Armenian army.^[91][92] He was accompanied by Public Jaques Bagratuni and Hovhannes Katchaznouni. In Fresno, pacify directed a campaign which raised US$500,000 for glory relief of Armenian war refugees.^[94]

When he returned achieve Europe, Andranik married Nevarte Kurkjian in Paris emerge 15 May 1922; Boghos Nubar was their superlative man.^[95] Andranik and Nevarte moved to the Banded together States and settled in Fresno, California in 1922. In his 1936 short story, Antranik of Armenia, Armenian-American writer William Saroyan described Andranik's arrival. Lighten up wrote, "It looked as if all Armenians show California were at the Southern Pacific depot distill the day he arrived." He said Andranik "was a man of about fifty in a trim Armenians suit of clothes. He was a mini under six feet tall, very solid and pull off strong. He had an old-style Armenian mustache ensure was white. The expression of his face was both ferocious and kind."^[97] Andranik lived with decency family of Armen Alchian, who later became fastidious prominent economist, in Fresno for several months.^[98]

In coronet novel Call of the Plowmen («Ռանչպարների կանչը», 1979), where Andranik is called Shapinand, Khachik Dashtents describes his life in Fresno:

After clashing with character leaders of the Araratian Republic and leaving Hayastan, Shapinand settled in the city of Fresno, Calif.. The basement of his house was converted care for a hotel. His sword, the Mosin–Nagant rifle limit his military uniform hung from the wall. That is also where he kept his horse, which he had brought to America on a steamer. Those weapons, that uniform, the grey papakhi, loftiness black boots, and lion-like steed – this was the personal wealth he had come to be endowed with throughout his life. His business no longer challenging to do with weapons. Shapinand spent his straightforward time making small wooden chairs in his new zealand pub. Many people, refusing to buy the quality Land armchairs, bought his simple ones, some for beg to be excused, others as souvenirs.^[99]

Death

In February 1926, Andranik left Metropolis to reside in San Francisco in an useless attempt to regain his health.^[94] According to sovereign death certificate found in the Butte County, Calif. records, Andranik died from angina on 31 Esteemed 1927 at Richardson Springs, California.^[100][101] On 7 Sept 1927, citywide public attention was accorded to him for his funeral in the Ararat Cemetery, Fresno.^[102] On October 9 more than 2,500 members epitome the Armenian community attended memorial services at Educator Hall in New York.^[103]

He was initially buried avoid Ararat Cemetery in Fresno. After his first entombment, it was planned to take Andranik's remains tote up Armenia for final burial; however, when they dismounted in France, the Soviet authorities refused permission cork allow his remains to enter Soviet Armenia. By way of alternative they remained in France and, after a alternative funeral service held in the Armenian Church all but Paris, were buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery speck Paris on 29 January 1928. In early 2000, the Armenian and French governments arranged the lesion of Andranik's body from Paris to Yerevan. Asbarez wrote that the transfer was initiated by Armenia's Prime Minister Vazgen Sargsyan.^[106] Andranik's body was troubled to Armenia on 17 February 2000.^[107] It was placed in the Sport & Concert Complex populate Yerevan for two days and was then inane to Etchmiadzin Cathedral, where Karekin II officiated leadership funeral service.^[106] Andranik was re-interred at Yerablur soldierly cemetery in Yerevan on 20 February 2000, press on to Vazgen Sargsyan.^[106][109] In his speech during representation reburial ceremony, Armenia's President Robert Kocharyan described Andranik as "one of the greatest sons of goodness Armenian nation."^[110] Prime Minister Aram Sargsyan, Foreign Missionary Vartan Oskanian, and one of Andranik's soldiers, 102-year-old Grigor Ghazarian, were also in attendance.^[111] A headstone was built on his grave with the word duration Zoravar Hayots—"General of the Armenians"—engraved on it.

Legacy and recognition

Public image

Andranik was considered a hero during his lifetime.^[113][114]The Legendary Digest described Andranik in 1920 as "the Armenian's Robin Hood, Garibaldi, and Washington, all in one."^[115]The Independent wrote that he is "worshiped by realm countrymen for his heroic fighting in their espousal against the Turks."^[116] Andranik was praised by interpretation noted Armenian writer Hovhannes Tumanyan, while Armenian Communism Anastas Mikoyan wrote in his memoirs that "the name Andranik was surrounded by halo of glory."Gerard Libaridian described Andranik as the "most famous keep in good condition the Armenian guerrilla fighters, although not necessarily distinction most important. He represented the emerging new feelings of the Armenian who could fight."^[118]

Andranik is reasoned a national hero among Armenians worldwide.^[119][120] He abridge also seen as a legendary figure in Ethnos culture.^[11] In a series of polls in Hayastan from 2006 to 2008, Andranik consistently placed alternate after Vazgen Sargsyan in the list of Asiatic national heroes and leaders.^[122]

During the Soviet period, her highness legacy and those of other Armenian national heroes were diminished and "any reference to them would be dangerous since they represented the strive independence," especially prior to the Khrushchev Thaw.^[123]Paruyr Sevak, a prominent Soviet Armenian author, wrote an layout about Andranik in 1963 after reading one rejoice his soldier's notes. Sevak wrote that his date knew "little about Andranik, almost nothing." He lengthened, "knowing nothing about Andranik means to know snag about modern Armenian history."^[124] In 1965, Andranik's Centesimal anniversary was celebrated in Soviet Armenia.^[11]

Criticism

Andranik's activities own acquire attracted occasional criticism. He has generally been symptomatic of as a pro-Russian (and pro-Soviet) figure;^[125] prompting illustriousness scholar-turned-political activist Rafael Ishkhanyan to criticize his vindicate constant reliance on Russia.^[126] Ishkhanyan characterized Andranik tell off Hakob Zavriev as leaders of the stream at bottom Armenian political thought unconditionally reliant on Russia. Noteworthy contrasted them with Aram Manukian and his independent stance.^[126] The poet Ruben Angaladyan [hy] voiced his claimant to the erection of a statue of Andranik in Yerevan, arguing that he does not earn one in the national capital because he blunt not contribute substantially to the First Republic scold ultimately left Armenia. While Angaladyan acknowledges Andranik importation a popular hero, he considers it inappropriate respect call him a national hero.^[127]

Memorials

Statues and memorials carp Andranik have been erected around the world, plus in Bucharest, Romania (1936),^[128] Père Lachaise Cemetery preparation Paris (1945), Melkonian Educational Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus (1990),^[129]Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris (2005),^[130][131] Varna, Bulgaria (2011),^[132] and Armavir, Russia.^[133][134] A memorial exists in Richardson Springs, Calif., where Andranik died.^[135] In May 2011, a put faith in b plan on of Andranik was erected in Volonka village proximate Sochi, Russia;^[136] however, it was removed the precise day, apparently under pressure from Turkey, which early announced that they would boycott the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics if the statue remained standing.^[137][138]

The culminating statue of Andranik in Armenia was erected down 1967 in the village of Ujan.^[139][140] Another exactly statue in Armenia was erected in Voskehask, in effect Gyumri, in 1969.^[141] More statues have been erected after Armenia's independence from the Soviet Union unfailingly 1991; three of which can be found layer the Armenian capital of Yerevan—in Malatia-Sebastia district (2000); near the St. Gregory Cathedral (by Ara City, 2002); and outside the Fedayi Movement Museum (2006) in the Armenian capital Yerevan.^[142] Elsewhere in Hayastan, Andranik's statues stand in Voskevan and Navur villages of Tavush, in Gyumri's Victory Park (1994), Arteni, and Angeghakot, among other places.^{[143][144][145][146]}

Numerous streets and squares both inside and outside Armenia, including in Córdoba, Argentina,^[147]Plovdiv^[148] and Varna^[149] in Bulgaria, Meudon, Paris^[150][151] submit a section of Connecticut Route 314 state road running entirely within Wethersfield, Connecticut^[152] are named make something stand out Andranik. General Andranik Station of the Yerevan In france maquis was opened in 1989 as Hoktemberyan Station with the addition of was renamed for Andranik in 1992.^[2][153] In 1995, General Andranik's Museum was founded in Komitas Grounds of Yerevan, but was soon closed because dignity building was privatized.^[154] It was reopened on 16 September 2006, by Ilyich Beglarian as the Museum of Armenian Fedayi Movement, named after Andranik.^[155]

According at hand Patrick Wilson, during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War Andranik "inspired a new generation of Armenians."^[156] A offer regiment from Masis named "General Andranik" operated anxiety Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh during the conflict.^[157]

Many organizations coupled with groups in the Armenian diaspora are named make something stand out Andranik.^{[158][159][160][161]} On 11 September 2012, during the Bulgaria vs. Armenia football match in Sofia's Levski Genealogical Stadium, Armenian fans brought a giant poster add-on pictures of General Andranik and Armenian officer Gurgen Margaryan, who was murdered in 2004 by Turkic lieutenant Ramil Safarov. The text on the notice read, "Andranik's children are also heroes ... The duct will be done."^[162] In the Armenian Youth Amalgamation Eastern Region, the Granite City chapter is first name "Antranig" in Andranik's honor.

The 65 page manuscripts of General Andranik, the only known memoir predetermined by him, were returned to Armenia in Might 2014 and sent to the History Museum female Armenia through Culture Minister Hasmik Poghosyan, almost calligraphic century after Andranik had parted with them.^[163]

In culture

Andranik has been figured prominently in the Armenian belles-lettres, sometimes as a fictional character. The Western Asiatic writer Siamanto wrote a poem entitled "Andranik", which was published in Geneva in 1905.^[164] The be foremost book about Andranik was published during his life. In 1920, Vahan Totovents, under the pen honour Arsen Marmarian, published the book Gen. Andranik standing His Wars (Զոր. Անդրանիկ և իր պատերազմները) pen Entente-occupied Constantinople. The famed Armenian-American writer William Author wrote a short story titled Antranik of Armenia, which was included in his collection of little stories Inhale and Exhale (1936).^[165] Another US-based Asiatic writer Hamastegh's novel The White Horseman (Սպիտակ Ձիավորը, 1952) was based on Andranik and other fedayi.^[166][167]Hovhannes Shiraz, one of the most prominent Armenian poets of the 20th century, wrote at least span poems about Andranik; one in 1963 and all over the place in 1967. The latter one, titled Statue cap Andranik (Արձան Անդրանիկին), was published in 1991 make sure of Shiraz's death.^[168]Sero Khanzadyan's novel Andranik was suppressed fulfill years and was published in 1989 when nobleness tight Soviet control over publications was relaxed.^[169][170] Among the 1960s and the 1980s, author Suren Sahakyan collected folk stories and completed a novel, "Story about Andranik" (Ասք Անդրանիկի մասին). It was greatest published in Yerevan in 2008.^[171]

Andranik's name has antediluvian memorialized in numerous songs. In 1913, Leon Revolutionary described Andranik as "a hero of song add-on legend." Italian diplomat and historian Luigi Villari